Eccentricity advances arrival to visual perception.

We investigated temporal properties of visual perception as a function of eccentricity, that is, spatial position relative to the fovea. Our experiments were motivated by well-characterized non-uniformities in neuron distribution in the human eye and early visual pathways. These non-uniformities have been extensively studied in the context of spatial perception, while largely neglected in relation to temporal perception.

Sex and pubertal influences on the neurodevelopmental underpinnings of schizophrenia: A case for longitudinal research on adolescents.

Sex is a significant source of heterogeneity in schizophrenia, with more negative symptoms in males and more affective symptoms and internalizing comorbidity in females. In this narrative review, we argue that there are likely sex differences in the pathophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SZ) that originate during puberty and relate to the sex-specific impacts of pubertal maturation on brain development. Pubertal maturation might also trigger underlying (genetic or other) vulnerabilities in at-risk individuals, influencing brain development trajectories that contribute to the emergence of SZ.

Spontaneous cortical dynamics from the first years to the golden years.

In the largest and most expansive lifespan magnetoencephalography (MEG) study to date (n = 434, 6 to 84 y), we provide critical data on the normative trajectory of resting-state spontaneous activity and its temporal dynamics. We perform cutting-edge analyses to examine age and sex effects on whole-brain, spatially-resolved relative and absolute power maps, and find significant age effects in all spectral bands in both types of maps. Specifically, lower frequencies showed a negative correlation with age, while higher frequencies positively correlated with age.

The effect of faith in intuition on moral judgment: The mediating role of perceived harm.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between faith in intuition and moral judgment and the underlying mechanism among Chinese college students using a questionnaire and experimental method. The results showed that levels of faith in intuition predicted more moral wrongness regarding ambiguous hurtful behaviors than unambiguous ones. Additionally, the perceived harm mediated the effect of individuals' levels of faith in intuition on moral wrongness regarding ambiguous harm behaviors but not regarding unambiguous harm behaviors.

Effects of age and sex on vasomotor activity and baroreflex sensitivity during the sleep-wake cycle.

Cardiovascular function is related to age, sex, and state of consciousness. We hypothesized that cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) demonstrates different patterns in both sexes before and after 50 years of age and that these patterns are associated with patterned changes during the sleep-wake cycle. We recruited 67 healthy participants (aged 20-79 years; 41 women) and divided them into four age groups: 20-29, 30-49, 50-69, and 70-79 years.

The association between plasma choline, growth and neurodevelopment among Malawian children aged 6-15 months enroled in an egg intervention trial.

Choline is an essential micronutrient that may influence growth and development; however, few studies have examined postnatal choline status and children's growth and development in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this observational analysis was to examine associations of plasma choline with growth and development among Malawian children aged 6-15 months enrolled in an egg intervention trial. Plasma choline and related metabolites (betaine, dimethylglycine and trimethylamine N-oxide) were measured at baseline and 6-month follow-up, along with anthropometric (length, weight, head circumference) and developmental assessments (the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool [MDAT], the Infant Orienting with Attention task [IOWA], a visual paired comparison [VPC] task and an elicited imitation [EI] task).

Statistical word segmentation: Anchoring learning across contexts.

The present experiments were designed to assess infants' abilities to use syllable co-occurrence regularities to segment fluent speech across contexts. Specifically, we investigated whether 9-month-old infants could use statistical regularities in one speech context to support speech segmentation in a second context. Contexts were defined by different word sets representing contextual differences that might occur across conversations or utterances.

Spontaneous mental replay of music improves memory for musical sequence knowledge.

Involuntary musical imagery (INMI; more commonly known as "earworms" or having a song "stuck in your head") is a common musical phenomenon and one of the most salient examples of spontaneous cognition. Despite the ubiquitous nature of INMI in the general population, functional roles of INMI remain to be fully established and characterized. Findings that spontaneous reactivation of mental representations aids in memory consolidation raise the possibility that INMI also serves in this capacity.

Artificial neural network applied to fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome stage diagnosis based on peripheral mitochondrial bioenergetics and brain imaging outcomes.

No proven prognosis is available for the neurodegenerative disorder fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Artificial neural network analyses (ANN) were used to predict FXTAS progression using data from 127 adults (noncarriers and FMR1 premutation carriers with and without FXTAS) with five outcomes from brain MRI imaging and 22 peripheral bioenergetic outcomes from two cell types. Diagnosis accuracy by ANN predictions ranged from 41.

Targeted memory reactivation during sleep influences social bias as a function of slow-oscillation phase and delta power.

To understand how memories are reactivated and consolidated during sleep, experimenters have employed the unobtrusive re-presentation of memory cues from a variety of pre-sleep learning tasks. Using this procedure, known as targeted memory reactivation (TMR), we previously found that reactivation of counter-social-bias training during post-training sleep could selectively enhance training effects in reducing unintentional social biases. Here, we describe re-analyses of electroencephalographic (EEG) data from this previous study to characterize neurophysiological correlates of TMR-induced bias reduction.

Thematic object pairs produce stronger and faster grouping than taxonomic pairs.

Studies of visual object processing have long appreciated that semantic meaning is automatically extracted. However, "semantics" has largely been defined as a unitary concept that describes all meaning-based information. In contrast, the concept literature divides semantics into taxonomic and thematic types.

"Neural Noise" in Auditory Responses in Young Autistic and Neurotypical Children.

Elevated "neural noise" has been advanced as an explanation of autism and autistic sensory experiences. However, functional neuroimaging measures of neural noise may be vulnerable to contamination by recording noise. This study explored variability of electrophysiological responses to tones of different intensities in 127 autistic and 79 typically-developing children aged 2-5 years old.

Social Validity of Pivotal Response Treatment for Young Autistic Children: Perspectives of Autistic Adults.

The social validity of autism behavioral intervention has been questioned. Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBIs) attempt to address some concerns, but it is unclear whether autistic people consider NDBIs socially valid. Social validity of an NDBI, Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT), was investigated through autistic adults commenting on videos of autistic children receiving PRT.

Scarcity Enhances Outcome Evaluation in the Present: Electroencephalography Evidence.

Scarcity goods have generally been perceived as high in value in real-world and empirical studies. However, few studies have investigated this value over time, such as performance in intertemporal decision making. This study's chief objective was to determine how scarcity evaluation changes temporally.

Parental marital relationship satisfaction is associated with glycemic outcomes in children with type 1 diabetes.

Objectives: We hypothesized that glycemic outcomes in children with type 1 diabetes are linked to marital satisfaction of primary caregivers above and beyond parent neuroticism and child effortful control.

Methods: We evaluated a cross-sectional sample of 73 married parent families with a child (ages 7-18 years) with type 1 diabetes of at least 2 years duration. We assessed marital relationship satisfaction, parent neuroticism, and child effortful control through the use of validated questionnaires.

Predictive Power of Cognitive Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Disease Drug Development: Utility of the P300 Event-Related Potential.

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and their associated deterioration of cognitive function are common causes of disability. The slowly developing pathology of neurodegenerative diseases necessitates early diagnosis and monitored long-term treatment. Lack of effective therapies coupled with an improved rate of early diagnosis in our aging population have created an urgent need for the development of novel drugs, as well as the need for reliable biomarkers for treatment response.

Visual attention during seeing for speaking in healthy aging.

As we age, we accumulate a wealth of information about the surrounding world. Evidence from visual search suggests that older adults retain intact knowledge for where objects tend to occur in everyday environments (semantic information) that allows them to successfully locate objects in scenes, but may overrely on semantic guidance. We investigated age differences in the allocation of attention to semantically informative and visually salient information in a task in which the eye movements of younger ( = 30, aged 18-24) and older ( = 30, aged 66-82) adults were tracked as they described real-world scenes.

First few seconds for flow: A comprehensive proposal of the neurobiology and neurodynamics of state onset.

Flow is a cognitive state that manifests when there is complete attentional absorption while performing a task. Flow occurs when certain internal as well as external conditions are present, including intense concentration, a sense of control, feedback, and a balance between the challenge of the task and the relevant skillset. Phenomenologically, flow is accompanied by a loss of self-consciousness, seamless integration of action and awareness, and acute changes in time perception.

A new perspective on the role of physical salience in visual search: Graded effect of salience on infants' attention.

We tested 6- and 8-month-old White and non-White infants ( = 53 total, 28 girls) from Northern California in a visual search task to determine whether a unique item in an otherwise homogeneous display (a ) attracts attention because it is a unique singleton and "pops out" in a categorical manner, or whether attention instead varies in a graded manner on the basis of quantitative differences in physical salience. Infants viewed arrays of four or six items; one item was a singleton and the other items were identical distractors (e.g.

"Unattended, distracting or irrelevant": Theoretical implications of terminological choices in auditory selective attention research.

For seventy years, auditory selective attention research has focused on studying the cognitive mechanisms of prioritizing the processing a 'main' task-relevant stimulus, in the presence of 'other' stimuli. However, a closer look at this body of literature reveals deep empirical inconsistencies and theoretical confusion regarding the extent to which this 'other' stimulus is processed. We argue that many key debates regarding attention arise, at least in part, from inappropriate terminological choices for experimental variables that may not accurately map onto the cognitive constructs they are meant to describe.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Use for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatric Patients.

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is becoming more common and better diagnosed and treated. It is seen in children with obesity, genetic disorders, neuromuscular disorders, and congenital malformations. After adenotonsillectomy, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a major mode of treatment.

Gamma-band entrainment abnormalities in schizophrenia: Modality-specific or cortex-wide impairment?

A growing body of literature suggests that cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia (PSZ) results from disrupted cortical excitatory/inhibitory (E-I) balance, which may be linked to gamma entrainment and can be measured noninvasively using electroencephalography (EEG). However, it is not yet known the degree to which these entrainment abnormalities covary within subjects across sensory modalities. Furthermore, the degree to which cross-modal gamma entrainment reflects variation in biological processes associated with cognitive performance remains unclear.

Striatal Activity to Reward Anticipation as a Moderator of the Association Between Early Behavioral Inhibition and Changes in Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms From Adolescence to Adulthood.

Importance: The early childhood temperament of behavioral inhibition (BI), characterized by inhibited and fearful behaviors, has been associated with heightened risk for anxiety and depression across the lifespan. Although several neurocognitive correlates underlying vulnerability to the development of anxiety among inhibited children have been identified, little is known about the neurocognitive correlates underlying vulnerability to the development of depression.

Objective: To examine whether blunted striatal activation to reward anticipation, a well-documented neurocognitive vulnerability marker of depression, moderates the association between early BI and the developmental changes in depression and anxiety from adolescence to adulthood.

Shifting Baselines: Longitudinal Reductions in EEG Beta Band Power Characterize Resting Brain Activity with Intensive Meditation.

Objectives: A core assumption of meditation training is that cognitive capacities developed during formal practice will transfer to other contexts or activities as expertise develops over time. This implies that meditation training might influence domain-general neurocognitive systems, the spontaneous activity of which should be reflected in the dynamics of the resting brain. Previous research has demonstrated that 3 months of meditation training led to reductions in EEG beta band power during mindfulness of breathing practice.

Top-down control of the left visual field bias in cued visual spatial attention.

A left visual field (LVF) bias in perceptual judgments, response speed, and discrimination accuracy has been reported in humans. Cognitive factors, such as visual spatial attention, are known to modulate or even eliminate this bias. We investigated this problem by recording pupillometry together with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a cued visual spatial attention task.