Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning in Adolescents with Klinefelter Syndrome.

Objective: Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a common genetic condition in males associated with an extra X chromosome (i.e., 47,XXY).

Alterations in cortical and subcortical neuroanatomy and associations with behavior in females with fragile X syndrome.

Aim: To address substantial gaps in the literature on neuroanatomical variations in females with fragile X syndrome (FXS).

Method: Surface-based modeling techniques were applied to the magnetic resonance imaging of 45 females with FXS (mean age = 10 years 9 months, range 6 years-16 years 4 months, SD = 2 years 9 months) and 33 age-matched and developmentally matched females without FXS to elucidate differences in cortical gray matter volume, surface area, and thickness. Gray matter volumes in subcortical regions were examined to ascertain differences in subcortical volume.

Cognitive and Social-Emotional Development in Girls With Fragile X Syndrome.

Objectives: To evaluate the developmental trajectory of key cognitive, social, and emotional features in girls with fragile X syndrome (FXS).

Methods: This longitudinal, parallel cohort study collected data between January 2018 and December 2022. Participants were evaluated 3 times with ∼12-18 months between visits.

Alterations in Neural Activation During Facial Emotion Processing in Adolescent Male Participants With Klinefelter Syndrome.

Objective: Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex-chromosome aneuploidy (47,XXY), affecting 1 in 500 male participants. The phenotype of male participants with KS includes both physical features, such as tall stature and testicular insufficiency, and behavioral alterations, including difficulties in social functioning, anxiety, and depression. Studies examining underlying neural alterations associated with the behavioral phenotype, however, are sparse.

Longitudinal Changes in Functional Neural Activation and Sensitization During Face Processing in Fragile X Syndrome.

Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic condition associated with increased risk for social anxiety and avoidance. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we previously demonstrated aberrant neural activity responding to faces in young girls with FXS cross-sectionally. Here, we tested the hypothesis that abnormalities in neural activation and sensitization would increase with age in 65 girls with FXS (ages 6-16 years) relative to an age-matched control group of 52 girls who had comparable cognitive function and clinical symptoms.

Childhood exposure to organophosphate pesticides: Functional connectivity and working memory in adolescents.

Background: Early life exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides is linked with adverse neurodevelopment and brain function in children. However, we have limited knowledge of how these exposures affect functional connectivity, a measure of interaction between brain regions. To address this gap, we examined the association between early life OP pesticide exposure and functional connectivity in adolescents.

Associations between brain network, puberty, and behaviors in boys with Klinefelter syndrome.

Background: Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also referred to as XXY syndrome, is a significant but inadequately studied risk factor for neuropsychiatric disability. Whether alterations in functional brain connectivity or pubertal delays are associated with aberrant cognitive-behavioral outcomes in individuals with KS is largely unknown. In this observational study, we investigated KS-related alterations in the resting-state brain network, testosterone level, and cognitive-behavioral impairment in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome.

Prenatal and childhood exposure to organophosphate pesticides and functional brain imaging in young adults.

Background: Early life exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides has been linked with poorer neurodevelopment from infancy to adolescence. In our Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) birth cohort, we previously reported that residential proximity to OP use during pregnancy was associated with altered cortical activation using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a small subset (n = 95) of participants at age 16 years.

Methods: We administered fNIRS to 291 CHAMACOS young adults at the 18-year visit.

Cognition, academic achievement, and adaptive behavior in school-aged girls with fragile X syndrome.

Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading monogenic cause of intellectual disability and autism in males and females. Females with FXS typically display a milder cognitive phenotype than males, despite experiencing significant developmental, behavioral, and social-emotional issues.

Aims: To measure and distinguish the cognitive-behavioral profile of girls with FXS relative to verbal IQ-matched peers.

Medical Image Processing based on Generative Adversarial Networks: A Systematic Review.

Background: Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have demonstrated superior data generation capabilities compared to other methods, making them popular for use in medical image applications. These features have intrigued researchers in the medical imaging field, resulting in a swift implementation of these techniques in various conventional and novel applications such as image reconstruction, segmentation, detection, classification, and cross-modality synthesis. A comprehensive review of recent medical imaging breakthroughs will benefit researchers interested in this field.

Executive Dysfunction in Klinefelter Syndrome: Associations With Brain Activation and Testicular Failure.

Context: Executive dysfunction is a well-recognized component of the cognitive phenotype of Klinefelter syndrome (KS), yet the neural basis of KS-associated cognitive weaknesses, and their association with testicular failure is unknown.

Objective: We investigated executive function, brain activation, and pubertal development in adolescents with and without KS.

Methods: Forty-three adolescents with KS (mean age 12.

Test and re-test reliability of optimal stimulation targets and parameters for personalized neuromodulation.

Protocols have been proposed to optimize neuromodulation targets and parameters to increase treatment efficacies for different neuropsychiatric diseases. However, no study has investigated the temporal effects of optimal neuromodulation targets and parameters simultaneously via exploring the test-retest reliability of the optimal neuromodulation protocols. In this study, we employed a publicly available structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) dataset to investigate the temporal effects of the optimal neuromodulation targets and parameters inferred from our customized neuromodulation protocol and examine the test-retest reliability over scanning time.

Adolescent brain development in girls with Turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome (TS) is a common sex chromosome aneuploidy in females associated with various physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional phenotypes. However, few studies have examined TS-associated alterations in the development of cortical gray matter volume and the two components that comprise this measure-surface area and thickness. Moreover, the longitudinal direct (i.

Association of Intrinsic Functional Brain Network and Longitudinal Development of Cognitive Behavioral Symptoms in Young Girls With Fragile X Syndrome.

Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an X chromosome-linked genetic disorder characterized by increased risk for behavioral, social, and neurocognitive deficits. Because males express a more severe phenotype than females, research has focused largely on identifying neural abnormalities in all-male or both-sex populations with FXS. Therefore, very little is known about the neural alterations that contribute to cognitive behavioral symptoms in females with FXS.

Aerobic Exercise, Cognitive Performance, and Brain Activity in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder for which behavioral treatments such as exercise are recommended as part of a multidisciplinary treatment program. Exercise improves executive function in individuals with ADHD, but limited information exists regarding the mechanisms involved in the response. We examined task-evoked brain responses during exercise and seated rest in 38 adolescents ( n = 15 ADHD; age, 13.

Current opinions on the present and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in psychiatry.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical imaging technique for assessing human brain activity by noninvasively measuring the fluctuation of cerebral oxygenated- and deoxygenated-hemoglobin concentrations associated with neuronal activity. Owing to its superior mobility, low cost, and good tolerance for motion, the past few decades have witnessed a rapid increase in the research and clinical use of fNIRS in a variety of psychiatric disorders. In this perspective article, we first briefly summarize the state-of-the-art concerning fNIRS research in psychiatry.

Neural biomarker diagnosis and prediction to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease using EEG technology.

Background: Electroencephalogram (EEG) has emerged as a non-invasive tool to detect the aberrant neuronal activity related to different stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effectiveness of EEG in the precise diagnosis and assessment of AD and its preclinical stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to identify key EEG biomarkers that are effective in distinguishing patients at the early stage of AD and monitoring the progression of AD.

Longitudinal investigation of cognition, social competence, and anxiety in children and adolescents with Turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome (TS), a common neurogenetic disorder caused by complete or partial absence of an X chromosome in females, is characterized by distinct physical, cognitive, and social-emotional features. Girls with TS typically display average overall intellectual functioning with relative strength in verbal abilities and weaknesses in visuospatial processing, executive function (EF), and social cognition. This study was designed to better understand longitudinal trajectories of cognitive and social-emotional domains commonly affected in TS.

Balancing the risks and benefits of anesthetics in status epilepticus.

Purpose: According to international guidelines, status epilepticus refractory to first- and second-line antiseizure medication should be treated with anesthetics. Therefore, continuously delivered intravenous midazolam, propofol, or barbiturates are recommended as third-line therapy. While electroencephalographically (EEG)-controlled titration of anesthetics to seizure termination or to the emergence of an EEG burst-suppression pattern makes sense, evidence of the efficacy and tolerability of such third-line treatment is limited and concerns regarding the risks of anesthesia remain.

Preferential looking to eyes versus mouth in early infancy: heritability and link to concurrent and later development.

Background: From birth, infants orient preferentially to faces, and when looking at the face, they attend primarily to eyes and mouth. These areas convey different types of information, and earlier research suggests that genetic factors influence the preference for one or the other in young children.

Methods: In a sample of 535 5-month-old infant twins, we assessed eye (relative to mouth) preference in early infancy, i.

Pesticide exposure and cortical brain activation among farmworkers in Costa Rica.

Background: Previous epidemiological studies have reported associations of pesticide exposure with poor cognitive function and behavioral problems. However, these findings have relied primarily on neuropsychological assessments. Questions remain about the neurobiological effects of pesticide exposure, specifically where in the brain pesticides exert their effects and whether compensatory mechanisms in the brain may have masked pesticide-related associations in studies that relied purely on neuropsychological measures.

Impact of dysglycemia and obesity on the brain in adolescents with and without type 2 diabetes: A pilot study.

Objective: Both diabetes and obesity can affect the brain, yet their impact is not well characterized in children with type 2 (T2) diabetes and obesity. This pilot study aims to explore differences in brain function and cognition in adolescents with T2 diabetes and obesity and nondiabetic controls with obesity and lean controls.

Research Design And Methods: Participants were 12-17 years old (5 T2 diabetes with obesity [mean HgbA1C 10.

Recognition of Cervical Precancerous Lesions Based on Probability Distribution Feature Guidance.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a high incidence of cancer in women and cervical precancerous screening plays an important role in reducing the mortality rate.

Methods: In this study, we proposed a multichannel feature extraction method based on the probability distribution features of the Acetowhite (AW) region to identify cervical precancerous lesions, with the overarching goal to improve the accuracy of cervical precancerous screening. A k-means clustering algorithm was first used to extract the cervical region images from the original colposcopy images.

Visual Occipito-Temporal N1 Sensitivity to Digits Across Elementary School.

Number processing abilities are important for academic and personal development. The course of initial specialization of ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC) sensitivity to visual number processing is crucial for the acquisition of numeric and arithmetic skills. We examined the visual N1, the electrophysiological correlate of vOTC activation across five time points in kindergarten (T1, mean age 6.