A lifestyle intervention randomized controlled trial in obese women with infertility improved body composition among those who experienced childhood adversity.

Previous research indicates that tailoring lifestyle interventions to participant characteristics optimizes intervention effectiveness. Our objective was to assess whether the effects of a preconception lifestyle intervention in obese infertile women depended on women's exposure to adversity in childhood. A follow-up of a preconception lifestyle intervention randomized controlled trial (the LIFEstyle study) was conducted in the Netherlands among 577 infertile women (age 18-39 years) with a body mass index (BMI) ≥29 kg/m at time of randomization; N = 110 (19%) consented to the follow-up assessment, 6 years later.

Effects of In-Person Navigation to Address Family Social Needs on Child Health Care Utilization: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: While many organizations endorse screening for social risk factors in clinical settings, few studies have examined the health and utilization effects of interventions to address social needs.

Objective: To compare the acute care utilization effects of a written resources handout vs an in-person navigation service intervention to address social needs.

Design, Settings, And Participants: In this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, 1809 adult caregivers of pediatric patients seen in primary and urgent care clinics of 2 safety-net hospitals in northern California were recruited between October 13, 2013, and August 27, 2015.

Associations between sleep duration and dietary quality: Results from a nationally-representative survey of US adults.

Insufficient sleep duration is a recognized determinant of cardiometabolic disease, with poor diet quality as a likely intermediate. Yet, inconsistencies in findings on sleep duration and diet quality among adult populations remain, particularly regarding a potential non-linear relationship. Thus, within a nationally representative survey of US adults (2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey), we evaluated cross-sectional associations between sleep duration and diet quality.

Prenatal Maternal Objective and Subjective Stress Exposures and Rapid Infant Weight Gain.

Objectives: To evaluate the associations between 3 prenatal stress exposures and rapid infant weight gain.

Study Design: Participants were 162 maternal-child dyads drawn from a nonrandomized controlled trial evaluating a prenatal intervention for reducing women's stress and excessive gestational weight gain and subsequent longitudinal observational study of offspring outcomes. Participants were predominantly low-income and racial or ethnic minorities, and mothers were overweight or obese prepregnancy.

Screening for Park Access during a Primary Care Social Determinants Screen.

Unlabelled: While there is evidence that access to nature and parks benefits pediatric health, it is unclear how low-income families living in an urban center acknowledge or prioritize access to parks.

Methods: We conducted a study about access to parks by pediatric patients in a health system serving low-income families. Adult caregivers of pediatric patients completed a survey to identify and prioritize unmet social and economic needs, including access to parks.

A Graphical Catalog of Threats to Validity: Linking Social Science with Epidemiology.

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), a prominent tool for expressing assumptions in epidemiologic research, are most useful when the hypothetical data generating structure is correctly encoded. Understanding a study's data generating structure and translating that data structure into a DAG can be challenging, but these skills are often glossed over in training. Campbell and Stanley's framework for causal inference has been extraordinarily influential in social science training programs but has received less attention in epidemiology.

Efficacy of Digital Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Treatment of Insomnia Symptoms Among Pregnant Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Despite the prevalence and adverse consequences of prenatal insomnia, a paucity of research is available regarding interventions to improve insomnia symptoms during pregnancy.

Objective: To test the efficacy of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) compared with standard treatment among pregnant women with insomnia symptoms.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This randomized clinical trial enrolled pregnant women from November 23, 2016, to May 22, 2018.

Correction: Examining the Effects of Mindful Eating Training on Adherence to a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (the DELISH Study): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/11002.].

Exposures to structural racism and racial discrimination among pregnant and early post-partum Black women living in Oakland, California.

Research supports that exposure to stressors (e.g., perceived stress and racism) during pregnancy can negatively impact the immune system, which may lead to infection and ultimately increases the risk for having a preterm or low-birthweight infant.

Correction to: Lipid findings from the Diabetes Education to Lower Insulin, Sugars, and Hunger (DELISH) Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0383-2.].

Alternative causal inference methods in population health research: Evaluating tradeoffs and triangulating evidence.

Population health researchers from different fields often address similar substantive questions but rely on different study designs, reflecting their home disciplines. This is especially true in studies involving causal inference, for which semantic and substantive differences inhibit interdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration. In this paper, we group nonrandomized study designs into two categories: those that use confounder-control (such as regression adjustment or propensity score matching) and those that rely on an instrument (such as instrumental variables, regression discontinuity, or differences-in-differences approaches).

Associations Between Social Factor Documentation and Hospital Length of Stay and Readmission Among Children.

Background And Objectives: Social risk factors are linked to children's health, but little is known about how frequently these factors are documented using the (ICD) or whether documentation is associated with health care use outcomes. Using a large administrative database of pediatric hospitalizations, we examined the prevalence of ICD social risk code documentation and hypothesized that social code documentation would be associated with longer length of stay (LOS) and readmission.

Methods: We analyzed hospitalizations of children ages ≤18 using the 2012 Nationwide Readmissions Database.

The psychobiological consequences of child separation at the border: lessons from research on attachment and emotion regulation.

In the spring of 2018, the Attorney General of the United States issued a memorandum declaring a "zero tolerance policy" under which all adults entering the United States illegally would be criminally prosecuted, and, if traveling with minor children, forcibly separated from their children. Although the government was ordered to reunite the children with their parents it is still unclear how many children have been or remain separated. Given the high risk of permanent harm to a vulnerable population, and the fact that this risk may continue into the near future, we present a review of what nearly eight decades of scholarly research has taught us about the damaging impact of deprivation and separation from parents.

Part II: A Qualitative Study of Social Risk Screening Acceptability in Patients and Caregivers.

Introduction: This study aimed to better understand patient and caregiver perspectives on social risk screening across different healthcare settings.

Methods: As part of a mixed-methods multisite study, the authors conducted semistructured interviews with a subset of adult patients and adult caregivers of pediatric patients who had completed the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation Accountable Health Communities social risk screening tool between July 2018 and February 2019. Interviews, conducted in English or Spanish, asked about reactions to screening, screening acceptability, preferences for administration, prior screening experiences that informed perspectives, and expectations for social assistance.

Part I: A Quantitative Study of Social Risk Screening Acceptability in Patients and Caregivers.

Introduction: Despite recent growth in healthcare delivery-based social risk screening, little is known about patient perspectives on these activities. This study evaluates patient and caregiver acceptability of social risk screening.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of 969 adult patients and adult caregivers of pediatric patients recruited from 6 primary care clinics and 4 emergency departments across 9 states.

Pregnant Patient Perceptions of Provider Detection and Treatment of Insomnia.

: To survey pregnant patients about whether their health care providers assessed insomnia, the types of treatment recommendations providers made, and the types of treatments patients utilized. : Participants were 423 English-speaking pregnant women. : In this cross-sectional study, participants self-reported insomnia symptoms on the Insomnia Severity Index and indicated whether they discussed their sleep with a health care provider, whether they received any recommendations to improve their sleep, and whether they utilized any interventions or aids to improve their sleep during their current pregnancy.

Association of a Workplace Sales Ban on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages With Employee Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Health.

Importance: Reductions in sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake can improve health, but are difficult for individuals to achieve on their own.

Objectives: To evaluate whether a workplace SSB sales ban was associated with SSB intake and cardiometabolic health among employees and whether a brief motivational intervention provides added benefits to the sales ban.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This before-after study and additional randomized trial conducted from July 28, 2015, to October 16, 2016, at a Northern California university and hospital assessed SSB intake, anthropometrics, and cardiometabolic biomarkers among 214 full-time English-speaking employees who were frequent SSB consumers (≥360 mL [≥12 fl oz] per day) before and 10 months after implementation of an SSB sales ban in a large workplace, with half the employees randomized to receive a brief motivational intervention targeting SSB reduction.

Open Office Space: The Wave of the Future for Academic Health Centers?

Facing space constraints similar to those experienced by many urban campuses, the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) looked to innovative office workplace design to curb growing facilities expenditures. Mission Hall, a new office building primarily for desktop and clinical researchers and staff, was designed as an activity-based workplace (ABW), a type of open-space design. ABW was simultaneously being proposed as the template for future UCSF desktop research workspaces.

Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and exposures to PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, PCBs, and PFASs in a diverse, overweight population of pregnant women.

Exposures to persistent organohalogen chemicals during pregnancy are associated with adverse health effects. Low-income, minority women with pre-existing co-morbidities may be particularly vulnerable to these exposures, but have historically been understudied. We aimed to characterize exposures to multiple chemical classes among a sample of ethnically diverse, lower income, overweight or obese pregnant women.

Firearm and Nonfirearm Violence After Operation Peacemaker Fellowship in Richmond, California, 1996-2016.

To evaluate whether the Operation Peacemaker Fellowship, an innovative firearm violence-prevention program implemented in Richmond, California, was associated with reductions in firearm and nonfirearm violence. We compiled city- and jurisdiction-level quarterly counts of violent firearm and nonfirearm incidents from statewide records of deaths from and hospital visits for homicide and assault (2005-2016) and from nationwide crime records of homicides and aggravated assaults (1996-2015). We applied a generalization of the synthetic control method to compare observed patterns in firearm and nonfirearm violence after implementation of the program (June 2010) to those predicted in the absence of the program, using a weighted combination of comparison cities or jurisdictions.

Building the evidence on Making Health a Shared Value: Insights and considerations for research.

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF)'s Culture of Health Action Framework guides a movement to improve health and advance health equity across the nation. Action Area One of the Framework, Making Health a Shared Value, highlights the role of individual and community factors in achieving a societal commitment to health and health equity, centered around three drivers: Mindset and Expectations, Sense of Community, and Civic Engagement. To stimulate research about how Action Area One and its drivers may impact health, Evidence for Action (E4A), a signature research funding program of RWJF, developed and released a national Call for Proposals (CFP).