The neural dynamics of conflict adaptation induced by conflict observation: Evidence from univariate and multivariate analysis.

Conflict adaptation can be expressed as greater performance (shorter response time and lower error rate) after incongruent trials when compared to congruent trials. It has been observed in designs that minimize confounding factors, i.e.

IPR-Mediated Calcium Release Promotes Ferroptotic Death in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells.

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death pathway that involves the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis is experimentally caused by the inhibition of the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT, which depletes cells of GSH, or by inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), a key regulator of lipid peroxidation. The events that occur between GPx4 inhibition and the execution of ferroptotic cell death are currently a matter of active research.

Chronic aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity impairs muscle mitochondrial function with tobacco smoking.

Background: Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that chronic tobacco smoking directly contributes to skeletal muscle dysfunction independent of its pathological impact to the cardiorespiratory systems. The mechanisms underlying tobacco smoke toxicity in skeletal muscle are not fully resolved. In this study, the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a transcription factor known to be activated with tobacco smoke, was investigated.

The specificity of the auditory P300 responses and its association with clinical outcomes in youth with psychosis risk syndrome.

Background: Schizophrenia often occurs in youth, and psychosis risk syndrome (PRS) occurs before the onset of psychosis. Assessing the neuropsychological abnormalities of PRS individuals can help in early identification and active intervention of mental illness. Auditory P300 amplitude defect is an important manifestation of attention processing abnormality in PRS, but it is still unclear whether there are abnormalities in the attention processing of rhythmic compound tone stimuli in PRS individuals, and whether the P300 amplitude induced by these stimuli is specific to PRS individuals and related to their clinical outcomes.

Altered neurovascular coupling in migraine without aura.

Neurovascular coupling (NVC) provides new insights into migraine, a neurological disorder impacting over one billion people worldwide. This study compared NVC and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with migraine without aura (MwoA) and healthy controls. About 55 MwoA patients in the interictal phase and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and arterial spin-labeling perfusion imaging scans.

Neuromorphometric associations with mood, cognition, and self-reported exercise levels in epilepsy and healthy individuals.

Regular physical activity may promote beneficial neuroplasticity, e.g., increased hippocampus volume.

Self-referential information optimizes conflict adaptation.

Self-referential information has been shown to optimize behavioral performance in various domains. The present study examined the role of self-referential information as a cue to enhance cognitive control and, more specifically, conflict adaptation. A revised color Stroop task was used with stimuli consisting of possessive pronouns and color words (e.

Altered spontaneous regional brain activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and visual area of expert table tennis athletes.

Sports training may lead to functional changes in the brain, and different types of sports, including table tennis, have different influences on these changes. However, the effects of long-term table tennis practice on brain function in expert athletes are largely undefined. Here, we investigated spontaneous regional brain activity characteristics of expert table tennis athletes by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare differences between 25 athletes and 33 age- and sex-matched non-athletes.

Standardization of zebrafish drug testing parameters for muscle diseases.

Skeletal muscular diseases predominantly affect skeletal and cardiac muscle, resulting in muscle weakness, impaired respiratory function and decreased lifespan. These harmful outcomes lead to poor health-related quality of life and carry a high healthcare economic burden. The absence of promising treatments and new therapies for muscular disorders requires new methods for candidate drug identification and advancement in animal models.

Endurance Exercise Training Mitigates Diastolic Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice Independent of Phosphorylation of Ulk1 at S555.

Millions of diabetic patients suffer from cardiovascular complications. One of the earliest signs of diabetic complications in the heart is diastolic dysfunction. Regular exercise is a highly effective preventive/therapeutic intervention against diastolic dysfunction in diabetes, but the underlying mechanism(s) remain poorly understood.

Higher resistance training volume offsets muscle hypertrophy nonresponsiveness in older individuals.

The magnitude of muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training (RT) is highly variable between individuals (response heterogeneity). Manipulations in RT variables may modulate RT-related response heterogeneity; yet, this remains to be determined. Using a within-subject unilateral design, we aimed to investigate the effects of RT volume manipulation on whole muscle hypertrophy [quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (qCSA)] among nonresponders and responders to a low RT dose (single-set).

Motor experience modulates neural processing of lexical action language: Evidence from rugby players.

The perceptual symbol theory proposes a sensorimotor simulation in language processing, emphasizing the role of motor experience. However, the neural basis of motor experience on lexical-level language processing remains little known. In the current fMRI study, we compared brain activation and task-based functional connectivity in 28 rugby players and 28 novices during rugby- specialized and daily verb processing.

Bridging neurotrophic factors and bioactive peptides to Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. As the demographic shifting towards an aging population, AD has emerged as a prominent public health concern. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, and there are no effective treatment methods for AD until now.

Sports Practice, Body Image Perception, and Factors Involved in Sporting Activity in Italian Schoolchildren.

Regular physical activity is generally deemed to positively affect health, but studies on children are scarce. Among the kinds of physical activity, sports practice is the most common and easiest to quantify and report by children. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the two genders and evaluate the association between organized sports practice and body dissatisfaction in a sample of 214 Italian schoolchildren (55.

Associations Between Estimates of Arterial Stiffness and Cognitive Functioning in Adults With HIV.

Background: Vascular aging, a precursor of arterial stiffness, is associated with neurocognitive impairment (NCI) and cardiovascular disease. Although HIV is associated with rapid vascular aging, it is unknown whether arterial stiffness mediates changes in cognitive function. We explored whether estimated markers of vascular aging were associated with NCI indices in HIV-positive individuals.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of physical exercise on white matter integrity and cognitive function in older adults.

In the context of a globally aging population, exploring interventions that counteract age-related cognitive decline and cerebral structural alterations is paramount. Among various strategies, physical exercise (PE) emerges as a prevalent activity routinely incorporated in many individuals' lives. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to elucidate the impact of PE on white matter (WM) integrity and cognitive function in older adults.

A Pilot Study on the Association of Internet Use with Sports Practice and Sex in Italian Adolescents.

The use of the Internet has several positive functions, but at the same time it also represents a health risk, especially for adolescents. The increased use of the Internet in recent decades has also been linked to an increase in problematic Internet use, which has now become a global social issue. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Internet use increased even more and influenced adolescents' habits, leading to an increase in sedentary behaviors.

EEG-based multivariate pattern analysis reveals the control mechanisms of emotion regulation through distancing.

Background/objective: A neurocognitive model of distancing has systematically identified a set of brain regions that support the control mechanisms for emotion regulation (ER). However, the temporal dynamics of these control mechanisms during ER remains unclear.

Method: To address this issue, we recorded behavioral and electroencephalogram (EEG) data to compare proactive and reactive ER modes in an adapted ER task ( = 30 adults).

Attenuation of the increase of heart rate and oxygen consumption during progressive exercise in professional rugby players.

Background: The response of oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) to continuous progressive large muscle mass exercise is not always linear. This study aimed to compare the patterns of the Speed/VO2 (S/VO2) and speed/HR (S/HR) relationships during an incremental treadmill-running test in professional rugby players.

Methods: Fourteen professional rugby athletes performed a maximal incremental treadmill-running test, following the Conconi test protocol.

Amyloid β-Oligomers Inhibit the Nuclear Ca Signals and the Neuroprotective Gene Expression Induced by Gabazine in Hippocampal Neurons.

Hippocampal neuronal activity generates dendritic and somatic Ca signals, which, depending on stimulus intensity, rapidly propagate to the nucleus and induce the expression of transcription factors and genes with crucial roles in cognitive functions. Soluble amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs), the main synaptotoxins engaged in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, generate aberrant Ca signals in primary hippocampal neurons, increase their oxidative tone and disrupt structural plasticity. Here, we explored the effects of sub-lethal AβOs concentrations on activity-generated nuclear Ca signals and on the Ca-dependent expression of neuroprotective genes.

Greater socioenvironmental risk factors and higher chronic pain stage are associated with thinner bilateral temporal lobes.

Introduction: Previous research indicates ethnic/race group differences in pain and neurodegenerative diseases. Accounting for socioenvironmental factors reduces ethnic/race group differences in clinical and experimental pain. In the current study sample, we previously reported that in individuals with knee pain, ethnic/race group differences were observed in bilateral temporal lobe thickness, areas of the brain associated with risk for Alzheimer's disease, and related dementias.

Chan-Chuang and resistance exercise for drug rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial among Chinese male methamphetamine users.

Objective: To examine the health benefits of Chan-Chuang and resistance exercise.

Methods: We deployed an 8-week randomized controlled trial, in which 76 male methamphetamine users were allocated to control ( = 25), Chan-Chuang ( = 26), and residence exercise groups ( = 25). Our primary outcomes were drug craving, mental wellbeing, sleep quality, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP).

RyR-mediated calcium release in hippocampal health and disease.

Hippocampal synaptic plasticity is widely considered the cellular basis of learning and spatial memory processes. This article highlights the central role of Ca release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent memory in health and disease. The key participation of ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels, which are the principal Ca release channels expressed in the hippocampus, in these processes is emphasized.