Prevalence and molecular characterization of novel species of the Diplomonad genus (Diplomonadida: Giardiinae) from wildlife in a New York watershed.

is a diplomonad genus known to inhabit the intestinal tracts of rodents. Ultrastructural morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequence analysis support the placement of as the closest sister lineage to , a parasite which causes diarrheal disease in humans and animals worldwide. However, further information on the ecology and diversity of is currently scarce.

Zoonotic parasites in farmed exotic animals in China: Implications to public health.

Several species of wild mammals are farmed in China as part of the rural development and poverty alleviation, including fur animals, bamboo rats, and macaque monkeys. Concerns have been raised on the potential dispersal of pathogens to humans and other farm animals brought in from native habitats. Numerous studies have been conducted on the genetic identity and public health potential of spp.

Advances in molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in dogs and cats.

The use of molecular tools has led to the identification of several zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs and cats. Among them, Cryptosporidium canis and Cryptosporidium felis are dominant species causing canine and feline cryptosporidiosis, respectively.

Pathogenicity and transmissibility of a novel respirovirus isolated from a Malayan pangolin.

The identification of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in Malayan pangolins () has focused attention on these endangered animals and the viruses they carry. We successfully isolated a novel respirovirus from the lungs of a dead Malayan pangolin. Similar to murine respirovirus, the full-length genome of this novel virus was 15 384 nucleotides comprising six genes in the order 3'-(leader)-NP-P-M-F-HN-l-(trailer)-5'.

A ProQ/FinO family protein involved in plasmid copy number control favours fitness of bacteria carrying mcr-1-bearing IncI2 plasmids.

The plasmid-encoded colistin resistance gene mcr-1 challenges the use of polymyxins and poses a threat to public health. Although IncI2-type plasmids are the most common vector for spreading the mcr-1 gene, the mechanisms by which these plasmids adapt to host bacteria and maintain resistance genes remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the regulatory mechanism for controlling the fitness cost of an IncI2 plasmid carrying mcr-1.

Small ruminants and zoonotic cryptosporidiosis.

Sheep and goats are commonly infected with three Cryptosporidium species, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, and Cryptosporidium xiaoi, which differ from each in prevalence, geographic distribution, and public health importance. While C. parvum appears to be a dominant species in small ruminants in European countries, its occurrence in most African, Asian, and American countries appear to be limited.

Insulinase-like Protease 1 Contributes to Macrogamont Formation in Cryptosporidium parvum.

The apicomplexan parasite contains an expanded family of 22 insulinase-like proteases (INS), a feature that contrasts with their otherwise streamlined genome. Here, we examined the function of INS1, which is most similar to the human insulinase protease that cleaves a variety of small peptide substrates. INS1 is an M16A clan member and contains a signal peptide, an N-terminal domain with the HXXEH active site, followed by three inactive domains.

Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important causes of moderate to severe diarrhea and diarrhea-related mortality in children under 2 years of age in low- and middle-income countries. In recent decades, genotyping and subtyping tools have been used in epidemiological studies of human cryptosporidiosis. Results of these studies suggest that higher genetic diversity of spp.

Occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild foxes, wolves, jackals, and bears in central Europe.

Parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1910 are one of the most common protistan parasites of vertebrates. Faecal samples from 179 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes [Linnaeus]), 100 grey wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus), 11 golden jackals (Canis aureus Linnaeus), and 63 brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus) were collected in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. Samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp.

Codon usage analysis of zoonotic coronaviruses reveals lower adaptation to humans by SARS-CoV-2.

Since 2002, the world has witnessed major outbreaks of acute respiratory illness by three zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs), which differ from each other in pathogenicity. Reasons for the lower pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 than the other two zoonotic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, are not well understood. We herein compared the codon usage patterns of the three zoonotic CoVs causing severe acute respiratory syndromes and four human-specific CoVs (NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1) causing mild diseases.

Long-Term Physical Health Outcomes of Resettled Refugee Populations in the United States: A Scoping Review.

Several studies describe the health of recently resettled refugee populations in the US beyond the first 8 months after arrival. This review summarizes the results of these studies. Scientific articles from five databases published from January 2008 to March 2019 were reviewed.

Characterization of Three Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases of .

In spp., calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are considered promising targets for the development of pharmaceutical interventions. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed the presence of 11 CDPKs in (CpCDPKs).

Subtype Characterization and Zoonotic Potential of in Cats in Guangdong and Shanghai, China.

Cryptosporidium felis is an important cause of feline and human cryptosporidiosis. However, the transmission of this pathogen between humans and cats remains controversial, partially due to a lack of genetic characterization of isolates from cats. The present study was conducted to examine the genetic diversity of C.

Molecular characterization of the waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp. in wastewater and sewage in Guangzhou, China.

Background: The waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis can cause intestinal diseases in humans. An understanding of their occurrence and transport in the environment is essential for accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment.

Cryptosporidial Infection Suppresses Intestinal Epithelial Cell MAPK Signaling Impairing Host Anti-Parasitic Defense.

is a genus of that infect the gastrointestinal epithelium of a variety of vertebrate hosts. Intestinal epithelial cells are the first line of defense and play a critical role in orchestrating host immunity against infection. To counteract host defense response, has developed strategies of immune evasion to promote parasitic replication and survival within epithelial cells, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear.

Antimicrobial resistance genes are enriched in aerosols near impacted urban surface waters in La Paz, Bolivia.

Antibiotic resistance poses a major global health threat. Understanding emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in environmental media is critical to the design of control strategies. Because antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may be aerosolized from contaminated point sources and disseminated more widely in localized environments, we assessed ARGs in aerosols in urban La Paz, Bolivia, where wastewater flows in engineered surface water channels through the densely populated urban core.

Ecological and public health significance of .

, a fungus-like protist parasite, causes symptomatic and asymptomatic intestinal infections in terrestrial animals and is also abundant in the environment. This parasite has been isolated from a variety of host types including humans, livestock, companion animals, birds, and wildlife, as well as the natural and urban environments including drinking source water, coastal water, recreational water, wastewater, vegetables in retail markets, and raw milk on farms. exhibits high genetic diversity among host species and environmental sources and at least 500 genotypes have been identified thus far.

Cryptosporidiosis outbreak caused by Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIdA20G1 in neonatal calves.

Cryptosporidium parvum is a major zoonotic pathogen responsible for outbreaks of severe diarrhoea in humans and calves. Almost all investigations of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks caused by C. parvum have focused on its IIa subtype family in industrialized nations.

Population genetic analysis suggests genetic recombination is responsible for increased zoonotic potential of from ruminants in China.

is a zoonotic pathogen with worldwide distribution. Among the 11 established groups of genotypes based on phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (), the human-infective potential and population genetics of the Group 1 genotypes from diverse hosts are well characterized. In contrast, Group 2 genotypes from ruminants have unclear population genetics, leading to poor understanding of their host range and zoonotic potential.

Development of a Subtyping Tool for Zoonotic Pathogen .

is an important cause of cryptosporidiosis in canines and humans. Studies of the transmission characteristics of are currently hampered by the lack of suitable subtyping tools. In this study, we conducted a genomic survey of the pathogen and developed a subtyping tool targeting the partial 60-kDa glycoprotein gene ().

Species and Subtypes in Farmed Bamboo Rats.

Bamboo rats () are widely farmed in Guangdong, China, but the distribution and public health potential of spp. in them are unclear. In this study, 724 fecal specimens were collected from bamboo rats in Guangdong Province and analyzed for spp.

Characterizations of Enterocytozoon bieneusi at new genetic loci reveal a lack of strict host specificity among common genotypes and the existence of a canine-adapted Enterocytozoon species.

Molecular characterizations of the microsporidian pathogen Enterocytozoon bieneusi at the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus have identified nearly 500 genotypes in 11 phylogenetic groups with different host ranges. Among those, one unique group of genotypes, Group 11, is commonly found in dogs. Genetic characterizations of those and many divergent E.

Host Adaptation and Evolutionary Analysis of : Insights From Codon Usage Based Investigations.

Ebola virus (EBOV) has caused several outbreaks as the consequence of spillover events from zoonotic sources and has resulted in huge death tolls. In spite of considerable progress, a thorough know-how regarding EBOV adaptation in various host species and detailed information about the potential reservoirs of EBOV still remains obscure. The present study was executed to examine the patterns of codon usage and its associated influence in the adaptation of EBOV to potential hosts that dwell in Africa, the origin of the viral outbreaks.

Subtype distribution of zoonotic pathogen in humans and animals in several countries.

is the major etiologic agent of cryptosporidiosis in felines and has been reported in numerous human cryptosporidiosis cases. Sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein () gene has been developed for subtyping recently. In this study, 66 isolates from the United States, Jamaica, Peru, Portugal, Slovakia, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, China, India and Australia were subtyped using the newly established tool.

Population structure and geographical segregation of Cryptosporidium parvum IId subtypes in cattle in China.

Background: Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic pathogen worldwide. Extensive genetic diversity and complex population structures exist in C. parvum in different geographical regions and hosts.