Three-Dimensional Cellular Raman Analysis: Evidence of Highly Ordered Lipids Within Cell Nuclei.

Striking levels of spatial organization exist among and within interphase cell chromosomes, raising the possibility that other nuclear molecular components may also be organized in ways that facilitate nuclear function. To further examine molecular distributions and organization within cell nuclei, we utilized Raman spectroscopy to map distributions of molecular components, with a focus on cellular lipids. Although the vast majority of cellular lipids are associated with membranes, mapping the 2870/2850 cm lipid peak ratios revealed that the most highly ordered lipids within interphase cells are found within cell nuclei.

Structural basis for chemokine recognition by a G protein-coupled receptor and implications for receptor activation.

Chemokines orchestrate cell migration for development, immune surveillance, and disease by binding to cell surface heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The array of interactions between the nearly 50 chemokines and their 20 GPCR targets generates an extensive signaling network to which promiscuity and biased agonism add further complexity. The receptor CXCR4 recognizes both monomeric and dimeric forms of the chemokine CXCL12, which is a distinct example of ligand bias in the chemokine family.

A perspective on digital and computational pathology.

The digitization of images has not only led to increasingly sophisticated methods of quantitating information from those images themselves, but also to the development of new physics-based techniques for extracting information from the original specimen and presenting this as visual data in both two and three-dimensional (3D) forms. This evolution of an image-based discipline has reached maturity in Radiology, but it is only just beginning in Pathology. An historical perspective is provided both on the current state of computational imaging in pathology and of the factors that are impeding further progress in the development and application of these approaches.

MIF inhibits monocytic movement through a non-canonical receptor and disruption of temporal Rho GTPase activities in U-937 cells.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that was initially identified by its ability to inhibit the movement of macrophages. Cell migration is a highly complex process involving changes to the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion molecules, and is regulated by the Rho GTPases. A simple model using human monocytic U-937 cells to elicit the classic MIF response was implemented to examine the mechanism of MIF-induced migration inhibition.

Expression of the chitinase family glycoprotein YKL-40 in undifferentiated, differentiated and trans-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells.

The glycoprotein YKL-40 (CHI3L1) is a secreted chitinase family protein that induces angiogenesis, cell survival, and cell proliferation, and plays roles in tissue remodeling and immune regulation. It is expressed primarily in cells of mesenchymal origin, is overexpressed in numerous aggressive carcinomas and sarcomas, but is rarely expressed in normal ectodermal tissues. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be induced to differentiate into various mesenchymal tissues and trans-differentiate into some non-mesenchymal cell types.

The evolution of anatomic pathology: new strategies and emerging trends.

Science advances both by conceptual leaps and by improved observational and analytic tools. Mechanism and function in biological systems can best be understood in the context of the complex microenvironments in which they occur, and for this purpose morphologic analysis can be critical. The technological advances in cell and tissue imaging described in this book are currently finding application in a wide variety of basic, translational, and clinical biomedical studies.

The evolution of anatomic pathology.

Science advances both by conceptual leaps and by improved observational and analytic tools. Mechanism and function in biological systems can best be understood in the context of the complex microenvironments in which they occur, and for this purpose morphologic analysis can be critical. Technological advances in cell and tissue imaging are currently finding application in a wide variety of basic, translational, and clinical biomedical studies.