Trichlorfon inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of porcine trophectoderm and uterine luminal epithelial cells.

Trichlorfon is an organophosphate insecticide widely used in agriculture. Additionally, it is applied to pigs for control of endo- and ectoparasites. Previous studies have shown the effects of trichlorfon in pigs during late stages of gestation; however, little is known about its effects during early pregnancy, including implantation and placentation.

Avobenzone suppresses proliferative activity of human trophoblast cells and induces apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial disruption.

Avobenzone is widely used in various personal care products, is present in swimming pools, and is toxic to aquatic organisms. However, it is unclear how avobenzone affects human trophoblast cells. Results of the present study demonstrated that avobenzone inhibited the proliferation of HTR8/SVneo cells, the immortalized human trophoblast cell line, and inhibited the expression of PCNA.

Sideroxylin (Callistemon lanceolatus) suppressed cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and an increase of lipid peroxidation.

Sideroxylin is a C-methylated flavone isolated from Callistemon lanceolatus and exerts antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. However, the anticancer effects of sideroxylin and its intracellular signaling mechanisms have not yet been identified. Results of our study showed that sideroxylin decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, causing DNA fragmentation, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and an increase of lipid peroxidation in ovarian cancer cells (ES2 and OV90 cells).

The O-methylated isoflavone, formononetin, inhibits human ovarian cancer cell proliferation by sub G0/G1 cell phase arrest through PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 inactivation.

Formononetin is an isoflavone that is extracted from red clovers or soy. It has anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumor effects against cells in various diseases. Several cohort studies have indicated that phytoestrogen intake, including formononetin, could reduce the risk of various carcinogenesis.

Hypoxia-dependent accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha induces transient cell cycle arrest in porcine trophectoderm cells.

In the uterine environment, the pre-implantation embryo adapts to low oxygen concentrations through intracellular responses including modification of gene expression, progression via the cell cycle and metabolism. In this study, we determined mechanisms underlying the adaptation of pig embryos to oxygen deficiency in the maternal-conceptus microenvironment in in vitro experiments using our established porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells in culture. The transition from G to S phase in pTr cells was reduced in response to 2% oxygen during a short period (<24 h), and the hypoxia-induced G arrest was reversible during prolonged hypoxia exposure.

Effects of catecholamines on secretion of interferon tau and expression of genes for synthesis of polyamines and apoptosis by ovine trophectoderm.

Ovine trophectoderm (oTr1) cells were used to investigate effects of epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) on their proliferation, migration and adhesion, secretion of interferon tau (IFNT), and expression of genes for synthesis of polyamines and apoptosis. Expression of mRNAs for agmatinase (AGMAT), arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1), and solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1) (cationic amino acid transporter, Y + system), member 1 increased (P < 0.05) in oTr1 cells in response to EP and DA.

Myricetin treatment induces apoptosis in canine osteosarcoma cells by inducing DNA fragmentation, disrupting redox homeostasis, and mediating loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.

Canine osteosarcoma is an aggressive primary bone tumor that shows metastasis to distal regions and is associated with a high mortality rate. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of canine osteosarcoma are not well characterized. In addition, development of prognostic factors and novel therapeutic agents is necessary to efficiently treat osteosarcoma.

Effects of Bisphenol-A on proliferation and expression of genes related to synthesis of polyamines, interferon tau and insulin-like growth factor 2 by ovine trophectoderm cells.

This study evaluated the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on proliferation of ovine trophectoderm (oTr1) cells, as well as expression of genes for transport of arginine and synthesis of polyamines. BPA reduced proliferation of oTr1 cells at concentrations of 1 × 10, 1 × 10, 1 × 10 M compared to concentrations of 0, 1 × 10, and 1 × 10 M at 24 and 96 h of culture. Lower concentrations of BPA significantly increased expression of mRNAs for agmatinase (AGMAT), arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1) and solute carrier family 7 member 1 (SLC7A1).

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 induces proliferation and prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a small chemokine which belongs to the CC-type chemokine family, and has chemoattractant activity for recruitment of monocytes to sites of inflammation. Overexpressed CCL2 binding to its receptor C-C chemokine receptor 2 increases the risk of breast cancer in humans, but its effects on proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells is not known. Maintaining a high level of proliferative activity in bovine mammary epithelial cells during lactation is important for improving milk yield and can benefit the dairy industry economically.

Butyl paraben promotes apoptosis in human trophoblast cells through increased oxidative stress-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Butyl paraben (BP) has antimicrobial effects and is widely used as a preservative in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals. It is also absorbed into various tissues of the human body. It is known that BP is measurable in maternal and fetal tissues during pregnancy, but the effects of BP on placental development, essential for maintaining normal pregnancy, are unclear.

Cell-specific expression and signal transduction of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and atypical chemokine receptors in the porcine endometrium during early pregnancy.

Chemokines and atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs; also known as chemokine decoy receptors) play an important role in reproductive immunology by recruiting leukocytes during early pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and ACKRs in the endometrium during estrous cycle and early pregnancy, and to investigate the functional effects of CCL2 on porcine uterine luminal epithelial (pLE) cells. Our results indicated that CCL2, ACKR1, ACKR3, and ACKR4 were strongly detected in the glandular and luminal epithelium of the endometrium during early pregnancy compared to that in non-pregnant pigs.

Decanoic acid suppresses proliferation and invasiveness of human trophoblast cells by disrupting mitochondrial function.

Decanoic acid (DA) is a medium-chain fatty acid used in the manufacture of various products including plastics, cosmetics, and lubricants. In addition to antiviral and antibacterial effects, DA's, reported biological activities include regulation of signaling pathways and redox homeostasis in various human cell types. The influence of DA on functional properties of human trophoblasts, including proliferation, invasion and apoptosis is currently unknown.

Down-regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 increases susceptibility to palmitic-acid-induced lipotoxicity in human trophoblast cells.

In early pregnancy, adequate dietary factors are important for the growth of human trophoblast cells, followed by placental development. Although stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is expected to relieve palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxicity by regulating diacylglycerol and ceramide, its function is unclear in human trophoblast cells. The aim was to investigate inhibitory effects of SCD1 activity on PA-induced trophoblast cell death.

RAS-related protein 1: an estrogen-responsive gene involved in development and molting-mediated regeneration of the female reproductive tract in chickens.

It is important to identify molecular candidates involved in morphological and functional changes in the female reproductive system. We have discovered several candidate genes that were significantly altered in chick oviducts by exogenous estrogen and those candidates included dexamethasone (DEX)-induced RAS-related protein 1 (RASD1). RAS-related protein 1, a member of the Ras family of monomeric G proteins, is involved in various cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation and differentiation, as well as a cell-signaling protein regulating hormonal actions.

Functional roles of agmatinase during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy in sheep.

This study investigated the effect of agmatine (Agm) in proliferation of ovine trophecdoderm cells (oTr1) as well as the importance of the arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and agmatinase (AGMAT) alternative pathway for synthesis of polyamines in ovine conceptuses during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. Morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MAOs) were used to inhibit translation of mRNAs for ODC1 alone, AGMAT alone, and their combination. Rambouillet ewes (N = 50) were assigned randomly to the following treatments on Day 8 of pregnancy: MAO control (n = 10); MAO-ODC1 (n = 8); MAO-ADC (n = 6); MAO-ODC1:MAO-ADC (n = 9); or MAO-ODC1:MAO-AGMAT (n = 9).

Naringenin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress by regulating MAPK and AKT signal transduction pathways in endometriosis cells.

Study Question: Does the flavonoid naringenin inhibit proliferation of human endometriosis cells?

Summary Answer: Naringenin suppresses proliferation and increases apoptosis via depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human endometriosis cells.

What Is Known Already: For management of endometriosis, hormonal therapy is commonly used to decrease production of estrogens by the ovaries, but that has limitations including undesirable side effects with long-term therapies. To overcome these limitations, it is important to discover novel compounds which have no adverse effects, but inhibit expression of target molecules involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Oleic acid stimulation of motility of human extravillous trophoblast cells is mediated by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity.

Study Question: Do fatty acids regulate development and motility of human extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs)?

Summary Answer: Oleic acid is a promising lipid molecule that has beneficial effects on motility and development of human EVTs.

What Is Known Already: Fatty acid uptake into trophoblast cells is important for maintaining cellular events during pregnancy, but the molecular mechanisms of action of various fatty acids, including trans fatty acids, saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids, in EVT cell lines are not clear.

Study Design, Size, Duration: Effects of oleic acid, elaidic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid on HTR8/SVneo cells were assessed in diverse assays in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

Coumestrol induces mitochondrial dysfunction by stimulating ROS production and calcium ion influx into mitochondria in human placental choriocarcinoma cells.

Study Question: Does coumestrol inhibit proliferation of human placental choriocarcinoma cells?

Summary Answer: Coumestrol promotes cell death in the choriocarcinoma cells by regulating ERK1/2 MAPK and JNK MAPK signaling pathways and through disruption of Ca2+ and ROS homeostasis.

What Is Known Already: A number of patients who suffer from choriocarcinomas fail to survive due to delayed diagnosis or a recurrent tumor and resistance to traditional chemotherapy using platinum-based agents and methotrexate. To overcome these limitations, it is important to discover novel compounds which have no adverse effects yet can inhibit the expression of a target molecule to develop, as a novel therapeutic for prevention and/or treatment of choriocarcinomas.

C-C motif chemokine ligand 23 abolishes ER stress- and LPS-induced reduction in proliferation of bovine endometrial epithelial cells.

To reduce embryonic losses in domestic animals for economic production of livestock meat and milk, chemokines and their receptors are required for proper implantation and placentation during early pregnancy. In this study, we investigated the effects of C-C-motif chemokine ligand 23 (CCL23) on the proliferation of bovine endometrial (BEND) epithelial cells. CCL23 treatment improved BEND cell proliferation by enhancing PCNA and cyclin D1 expression via activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways.

Propyl gallate induces cell death and inhibits invasion of human trophoblasts by blocking the AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.

Propyl gallate (PG) is an antioxidant widely used in food additives, cosmetics, adhesives, and lubricants. PG protects the oils in food products from reacting with hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals, thus preventing spoilage. It is known to have both protective and cytotoxic effects on various cells, but its effects on human trophoblasts remain unclear.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 induces proliferation and distribution of G /M phase of bovine endometrial cells involving activation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK cell signaling and prevention of effects of ER stress.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is abundantly expressed in conceptuses and endometria during pregnancy in diverse animal models including domestic animals. However, its intracellular mechanism of action has not been reported for bovine endometrial cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify functional roles of FGF2 in bovine endometrial (BEND) cell line which has served as a good model system for investigating regulation of signal transduction following treatment with interferon-tau (IFNT) in vitro.

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 regulates lps-induced inflammation and ER stress to enhance proliferation of bovine endometrial epithelial cells.

Chemokines play an important role in regulating the complex immune system at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy. Among various chemokines, CC motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) plays a role in the recruitment of immune regulatory cells to implantation sites within the endometrium. In cattle, CCL2 is abundantly expressed in the uterine endometrium.

Chrysin attenuates progression of ovarian cancer cells by regulating signaling cascades and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Chrysin is mainly found in passion flowers, honey, and propolis acts as a potential therapeutic and preventive agent to inhibit proliferation and invasion of various human cancer cells. Although chrysin has anti-carcinogenic effects in several cancers, little is known about its functional roles in ovarian cancer which shows poor prognosis and chemoresistance to traditional therapeutic agents. In the present study, we investigated functional roles of chrysin in progression of ovarian cancer cells using ES2 and OV90 (clear cell and serous carcinoma, respectively) cell lines.

Bifunctional role of ephrin A1-Eph system in stimulating cell proliferation and protecting cells from cell death through the attenuation of ER stress and inflammatory responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

Structural and functional development of the mammary gland is constant in the mammary gland life cycle. Eph receptors and their ligands, ephrins, control events through cell-to-cell interactions during embryonic development, and adult tissue homeostasis; however, little information on participation of ephrin A1, a representative ligand of the Eph receptor, in the development and function of normal mammary glands is known. In this study, we demonstrated functional effects of the ephrin A1-Eph system and mechanisms of its action on bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells.

Differential expression and functional roles of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 and its receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 1 in the uterine endometrium during early pregnancy in pigs.

Many chemokines expressed by cells of the uterine endometrium of mammals are involved in cell-cell interactions. However, little is known about expression and functional roles of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 (CCL23) in the uterine endometrium. Results of this study demonstrated that CCL23 and its receptor, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 1 (CCR1), are up-regulated in porcine endometria during pregnancy.