Clinical signs and symptoms of diaper dermatitis in newborns, infants, and young children: A scoping review.

Rationale: Diaper dermatitis (DD) is a significant problem in the care of newborns, infants, and young children and good recognition of signs and symptoms optimises timely treatment. There is also a need for a standardised set of related descriptors to enable communication between health care providers about diagnosis and treatment.

Objective: The study aimed to review the literature for descriptive words to define the clinical signs, symptoms, and characteristics, including anatomical locations and assessment scales or tools, in the newborn, infants and young children population who have been diagnosed with DD.

Enhancing paediatric palliative care: A rapid review to inform continued development of care for children with life-limiting conditions.

Aim: Following the establishment of paediatric palliative care services over recent decades, this study sought to identify information to inform future policy and practice.

Methods: A rapid review using thematic synthesis was conducted to synthesise existing information about improving paediatric palliative care. Information was extracted in relation to key areas for investment and change: quality, access, advance care planning, skills, research, collaboration and community awareness.

Effect of Minimally Invasive Surfactant Therapy vs Sham Treatment on Death or Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants With Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The OPTIMIST-A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The benefits of surfactant administration via a thin catheter (minimally invasive surfactant therapy [MIST]) in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome are uncertain.

Objective: To examine the effect of selective application of MIST at a low fraction of inspired oxygen threshold on survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Design, Setting, And Participants: Randomized clinical trial including 485 preterm infants with a gestational age of 25 to 28 weeks who were supported with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and required a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.

A survey of current practice in reporting third trimester fetal biometry and Doppler in Australia and New Zealand.

Introduction: Inconsistent reporting practices in third trimester ultrasound, the choice of reference charts in particular, have the potential to misdiagnose abnormal fetal growth. But this may lead to unnecessary anxiety and confusion amongst patients and clinicians and ultimately influence clinical management. Therefore, we sought to determine the extent of variability in choice of fetal biometry and Doppler reference charts and reporting practices in Australia and New Zealand.

Impact of introducing a lactation consultant into a neonatal unit.

Aim: Benefits of mothers' own milk (MOM) for premature and sick neonates are well documented. To increase access, many neonatal units have a lactation consultant (LC) on staff. This study aimed to assess the impact of a permanent LC on (i) maternal access to LC support; (ii) staff confidence in providing Breast Feeding (BF) education and (iii) provision of MOM.

Probiotic supplementation in healthy pre-school-aged children: Prevalence and predictors.

Aim: Probiotics have been shown to prevent or treat a number of paediatric health problems; however, not much is known about how probiotics are used in the community. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and main predictors of probiotic supplementation among healthy pre-school-aged children.

Methods: Parents of 4- or 5-year-olds residing in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) were invited to complete a web-based questionnaire between February and May 2020.

Trends in hospitalisation for common paediatric infections: An Australian experience.

Aim: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and acute gastroenteritis (AGE) significantly impact health service use among children; however, recent trends in hospital admission rates are not well documented. Our objectives were to describe admission rates for RTI and AGE among children in one jurisdiction over a 10-year period and their associated length of stay (LOS), monetary costs and chronic conditions.

Methods: This is retrospective review of hospital admissions data for Australian Capital Territory residents aged 0-16 years admitted with a primary diagnosis commensurate with RTI or AGE.

Are we enrolling representative cohorts of premature infants in our clinical trials?

Objective: To compare the difference in outcomes in a subset population of infants "eligible but not enrolled; ENE" vs those who were "eligible and enrolled, EE" in The Australian Placental Transfusion Study (APTS).

Study Design: Population-based multicentre retrospective cohort study.

Results: A total of 535 (17.

Extubation generates lung volume inhomogeneity in preterm infants.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) to describe the regional tidal ventilation (V) and change in end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) patterns in preterm infants during the process of extubation from invasive to non-invasive respiratory support.

Design: Prospective observational study.

Setting: Single-centre tertiary neonatal intensive care unit.

The effectiveness of nurse-led interventions to prevent childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity: A systematic review of randomised trials.

Background: Obesity among children and adolescents continues to rise worldwide. Despite the efforts of the healthcare workforce, limited high-quality evidence has been put forward demonstrating effective childhood obesity interventions. The role of nurses as primary actors in childhood obesity prevention has also been underresearched given the size of the workforce and their growing involvement in chronic disease prevention.

Trends and characteristics of women undergoing induction of labour in a tertiary hospital setting: A cross-sectional study.

Background: In many well-resourced countries, rising rates of intervention are being observed during pregnancy, labour and childbirth with induction of labour (IOL) fast becoming one of the most common. In Australia, the rate of induction of labour has increased by over 30% since 2007, and today one in three women have their labours induced. We do not however have a good understanding of the contribution of specific obstetric populations to this trend.

Maternal asthma and gestational diabetes mellitus: Exploration of potential associations.

Asthma and gestational diabetes mellitus are prevalent during pregnancy and associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. The risk of gestational diabetes mellitus is increased with asthma, and more severe asthma; yet, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This review examines existing literature to explore possible links.

Surfactant therapy via thin catheter in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome.

Background: Non-invasive respiratory support is increasingly used for the management of respiratory dysfunction in preterm infants. This approach runs the risk of under-treating those with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), for whom surfactant administration is of paramount importance. Several techniques of minimally invasive surfactant therapy have been described.

Future vaccines in pregnancy.

Vaccination in pregnancy provides an important opportunity to target illnesses that are known to impact pregnant women, fetal development, and newborns in particular. The ability to create antibodies through safe vaccination that cross the placenta can provide protection against maternal, congenital, and newborn infections. At present, multiple vaccines are being developed which have direct benefits for pregnant women and their newborns.

Preventing early births in a regional tertiary maternity unit: Evaluating preterm and early term birth rates before and after implementation of the Preterm Birth Prevention Initiative in the Australian Capital Territory.

Background: A multifaceted preterm birth (PTB) prevention initiative was launched in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) in 2019. The aim of this initiative was to safely lower the rate of early births across the ACT and the surrounding areas in New South Wales. Modelled on the Western Australian PTB Prevention Initiative, the program included new clinical guidelines and a new PTB prevention clinic at the main tertiary hospital.

Analysis of survey on menstrual disorder among teenagers using Gaussian copula model with graphical lasso prior.

A high prevalence of menstrual disturbance has been reported among teenage girls, and research shows that there are delays in diagnosis of endometriosis among young girls. Using data from the Menstrual Disorder of Teenagers Survey (administered in 2005 and 2016), we propose a Gaussian copula model with graphical lasso prior to identify cohort differences in menstrual characteristics and to predict endometriosis. The model includes random effects to account for clustering by school, and we use the extended rank likelihood copula model to handle variables of mixed-type.

A Decision Aid for midwifery continuity of care: Development and pilot acceptability testing.

Background: Many maternity services in Australia offer women a variety of models of care including midwife led models. Childbearing women, however, need to understand the differences between these models if they are to make an informed decision about their choice of care. Decision Aids (DA) help people decide when there is not a single best option and the best decision will be based upon the values of the decision maker.

Immunology and the immunological response in pregnancy.

The immune system in humans is a complex system capable of discriminating self from non-self, and mounting appropriate allogenic immune responses to protect themselves from foreign organisms. This system is made up of two arms of defense: the first one is a non-specific arm (innate), in which humans are born with and do not require antigenic recognition. The second one is specific arm (humoral) involving B and T cells that are capable of mounting responses to particular antigen with immense specificity.

Incidence and prevalence of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in parents of children hospitalized in intensive care units: a systematic review protocol.

Objective: The objective of this review is to determine the incidence and prevalence of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in parents who have a child hospitalized in an intensive care unit.

Introduction: Having a child admitted to an intensive care unit is known to be challenging and stressful for parents. This stress may lead to clinical stress disorders that may be improved through interventions.

Health professionals' experiences of grief associated with the death of pediatric patients: a systematic review.

Objective: The objective of this review was to synthesize the experiences of health professionals who have experienced grief as a result of a pediatric patient dying.

Introduction: There has been some research into health professionals' grief experiences associated with the death of pediatric patients, but there has not been a review that synthesizes the findings of these experiences. Other related reviews have focused on prenatal, perinatal or adult deaths or the coping strategies employed by health professionals.

Barriers and facilitators in antenatal settings to screening and referral of pregnant women who use alcohol or other drugs: A qualitative study of midwives' experience.

Background: Screening pregnant women for substance use is highly recommended in antenatal care settings. Although midwives provide routine screening for substance use and referral for treatment in pregnancy, little is known about the barriers and facilitators they experience.

Aim: The study explored barriers and facilitators experienced by midwives in antenatal settings to screening and referral of pregnant women who use alcohol or other drugs.

The Effect of Preterm Birth on Renal Development and Renal Health Outcome.

Preterm birth is associated with adverse renal health outcomes including hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and an increased rate of progression to end-stage renal failure. This review explores the antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors that affect the functional nephron mass of an individual and contribute to long-term kidney outcome. Health-care professionals have opportunities to increase their awareness of the risks to kidney health in this population.

Acute Kidney Injury and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Premature Neonates Born Less than 32 Weeks' Gestation.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between acute kidney injury (AKI) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infants born <32 weeks of gestational age (GA).

Study Design: Present study is a secondary analysis of premature infants born at <32 weeks of GA in the Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney Injury Epidemiology in Neonates (AWAKEN) retrospective cohort ( = 546). We stratified by gestational age and used logistic regression to determine association between AKI and moderate or severe BPD/mortality.