Comparative Effects of Glucose-Lowering Medications on Kidney Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: The GRADE Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the leading cause of kidney disease in the US. It is not known whether glucose-lowering medications differentially affect kidney function.

Objective: To evaluate kidney outcomes in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness (GRADE) trial comparing 4 classes of glucose-lowering medications added to metformin for glycemic management in individuals with T2D.

The cross-sectional association of cognition with diabetic peripheral and autonomic neuropathy-The GRADE study.

Background: Studies examining whether measures of cognition are related to the presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and/or cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) are lacking, as are data regarding factors potentially explaining such associations.

Methods: Participants were from the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes Study (GRADE) that examined 5047 middle-aged people with type 2 diabetes of <10 years of known duration. Verbal learning and immediate and delayed recall (memory) were assessed with the Spanish English Verbal Learning Test; frontal executive function and processing speed with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test; and ability to concentrate and organize data with word and animal fluency tests.

Factors leading to high morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recent pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus. Diabetes (mostly type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) and hyperglycemia are among the major comorbidities in patients with COVID-19 leading to poor outcomes. Reports show that patients with diabetes and COVID-19 are at an increased risk for developing severe complications including acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and death.

Intermittent fasting and 'metabolic switch': Effects on metabolic syndrome, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Various intermittent fasting (IF) dietary plans have gained popularity among obese individuals in recent years as a means of achieving weight loss. However, studies evaluating the effect of IF regimens in people with metabolic syndrome, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are limited. The aim of the present review was to briefly elucidate the biochemical and physiological mechanisms underlying the positive effects of IF, especially the effect of the proposed 'metabolic switch' on metabolism.

Triglyceride High-Density Lipoprotein Ratios Predict Glycemia-Lowering in Response to Insulin Sensitizing Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the BARI 2D.

Glycemic management is central in prevention of small vessel and cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. With the plethora of newer medications and recommendations for a patient centered approach, more information is necessary to match the proper drug to each patient. We showed that BARI 2D, a five-year trial designed to compare two different glycemic treatment strategies, was suitable for assessing different responses according to different phenotypic characteristics.

The degree of retinopathy is equally predictive for renal and macrovascular outcomes in the ACCORD Trial.

Aims: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is associated with a higher risk of renal and cardiovascular events. We sought to compare the risk for renal versus cardiovascular (CV) outcomes, stratified by retinopathy severity.

Methods: ACCORD was a randomized trial of people with type 2 diabetes, at high-risk for CV disease.

Effects of intensive glycaemic control on ischaemic heart disease: analysis of data from the randomised, controlled ACCORD trial.

Background: Hyperglycaemia could substantially increase the risk of ischaemic heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether intensive lowering of glucose concentrations affects risk.

Methods: We assessed 10,251 adults aged 40-79 years with established type 2 diabetes, mean glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentration of 67 mmol/mol (8·3%), and risk factors for ischaemic heart disease enrolled in the ACCORD trial.

Determinants of successful glycemic control among participants in the BARI 2D trial: a post-hoc analysis.

Objective: The BARI 2D trial compared insulin provision (IP) versus insulin sensitization (IS) for the primary outcome of total mortality in participants with T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this analysis we examine baseline characteristics that are associated with successful long-term glycemic control.

Research Design And Methods: In a 2×2 factorial design, 2368 participants were randomized to either IP or IS therapy, and to either prompt revascularization with medical therapy or medical therapy alone.

Slowing of rat diaphragm action potential depolarization by endurance treadmill training.

This study tested the hypothesis that the action potential properties of the diaphragm muscle are altered by endurance exercise treadmill training. Rats underwent treadmill running or sham training for 8 weeks, and intracellular electrophysiological recordings were subsequently performed in vitro. Diaphragm resting membrane potential was not altered by training.

Inotrophic effects of the K(+) channel blocker TEA on dystrophic (mdx and dy/dy) mouse diaphragm.

K(+) channels regulate diaphragm resting membrane potential and action potential duration, and hence force. Certain blockers of these channels, e.g.

Effects on dystrophic (dy/dy) limb muscle of the K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium.

K(+) channel blockers, such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine, increase force of normal skeletal muscle. To determine whether they also increase force of diseased muscle, effects of TEA were examined on limb muscles of dy/dy dystrophic mice in vitro. TEA significantly increased isometric twitch force of normal and dystrophic soleus muscle by 29.