Current status of the Caribbean Primate Research Center Museum.

The history of the Caribbean Primate Research Center Museum, including the Cayo Santiago Skeletal Collection, is briefly reviewed. Since 1971 skeletons of free-ranging rhesus monkeys from Cayo Santiago have been systematically collected for osteological research. Since 1981 the skeletons from the six species of New and Old World monkeys maintained at Sabana Seca have also been collected.

Characteristics of spontaneous obesity in the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaque: preliminary report.

As part of the January, 1988 trapping of the Cayo Santiago rhesus colony a number of morphometric measurements and serum were collected to examine metabolic and hormonal changes associated with spontaneous obesity. Measurements included body weights, crown-rump lengths, abdominal and scapular skinfolds and circumferences of the upper arm, upper leg, abdomen and chest. Overall, males had a significantly greater body weight and Quetelet Index (body weight/crown-rump) than females but abdominal skinfolds did not differ.

Serological survey for viral diseases in the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaque population.

The free-ranging population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago was sero-surveyed for human measles, simian virus 40, B virus (Herpes simiae), rhesus cytomegalovirus, human and simian retroviruses and encephalomyocarditis virus to determine the prevalence of these viruses in the colony. The results of this study indicate that the colony is free of SV40, HTLVIII (HIV-1), STLVIII (SIV) and SRV1; has a low prevalence of measles and EMCV; and high prevalence rates for B virus, CMV and HTLVI.

Parasites of free-ranging Cayo Santiago macaques after 46 years of isolation.

Three hundred and thirty seven Macaca mulatta from a population that had been isolated on a small island off the coast of Puerto Rico for 46 years were examined for parasites. Anatrichosoma cynamolgi (26%), Strongyloides fuelleborni (54%); Trichuris trichiura (23%); and Balantidium coli (2%) were detected. Toxoplasma antibodies were found in 10% of the sera examined.

Free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): I. Body size, proportion, and allometry.

This paper presents comprehensive baseline data on body size and proportion of 661 (315 male, 346 female) free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) ranging in age from 24 hours to 25 years. All animals were born and raised in the free-ranging colony on Cayo Santiago, and exact ages were known for all. Tabular data from this cross-sectional study are provided to enable comparisons with data from laboratory, wild, and other captive populations of rhesus monkeys, as well as with other species.

Free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): II. Passive joint mobility.

Recent studies on the effects of caging on joint mobility and the correlations between joint mobility and use of the extremities have pointed out the need for baseline values that are readily available in the literature. This report provides normative data on the passive mobility of the major joints of free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The sample in this cross-sectional study is large (661 animals including 315 males, 346 females), and it spans the entire age spectrum (24 hours to 25 years) of the population.

A nonintrusive method for determining relative body fat in free-ranging monkeys.

A procedure is described for designing simple obesity rating scales for use with free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Ratings are based on observers' judgments of degree of overall obesity of individual monkeys. The procedure was tested separately on samples of males and females over 2 successive years.

Aerial maneuvers of leaping lemurs: The physics of whole-body rotations while airborne.

Several prosimian species begin a leap from a vertical support with their back toward the landing target. To reorient themselves from this dorsally facing, head-first lift-off to a ventrally facing, feet-first landing, the animals combine an initial twist with a partial backward somersault. Cinefilms of a captive colony of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) revealed that during leaps from vertical poles to horizontal supports, the backward somersaulting rotations were often initiated while the animals were airborne.

Leptospiral agglutinins in the Cayo Santiago macaques.

The colony of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, was surveyed for leptospiral agglutinins. Only 5 (3%) of 169 monkeys (25% of the population) were seropositive (titers of ⩾ 1:100). An additional 29 animals (17%) had titers ⩽1:50.

Effect of tetanus toxoid inoculation on mortality in the Cayo Santiago macaque population.

Tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free-ranging population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. From 1977 to 1984 the mean (±1 SD) annual total mortality rate (excluding neonatal deaths within 48 h postpartum, abortions, and stillbirths) was 6.39% ± .

Secondary sex ratio variation in the Cayo Santiago macaque population.

Secondary sex ratios (SSR) were calculated from 1,385 offspring delivered by 372 females in the Cayo Santiago population of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from 1976 through 1984. The SSR for the entire colony ranged from 0.86 to 1.

Carbohydrate impairment and insulin secretory abnormalities among Macaca mulatta from Cayo Santiago.

Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from Cayo Santiago were examined for evidence of carbohydrate intolerance indicative of potential development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Monkeys 6 to >20 years from natal Groups J, M, and P, an AGED Group (all >20 years), and unrelated monkeys removed from the island in association with other groups (CAYO), were examined with intravenous glucose tolerance tests (iv-GTT). Morphometric measurements were made on all tested monkeys.

Climate and seasonal reproduction in the Cayo Santiago macaques.

This paper reports the results of an eight-year study of seasonal reproduction in the free-ranging colony of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. There was a significant correlation between the start of the annual spring rainy season and the estimated median conception date (r = .94, p < .

The hemogram, serum biochemistry, and electrolyte profile of the free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Sixty-four male and 33 female free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from one of six social groups on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were surveyed to establish normal values for the hemogram and serum biochemical and electrolytes for the colony. Mean values (± 1 SD) are reported by sex for each of three age groups (2-3, 4-9 and ≥ 10 years). All adult females (≥ 4 years) were pregnant.

Clinical note: Calcium bilirubinate gallstones in an aged rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Severe gallstone disease was found at necropsy in a 24-year-old female monkey which died of pyelonephritis. Reports of spontaneous cholelithiasis in rhesus monkeys are rare. This is the first description of gallstone disease in a non-human primate caused by calcium bilirubinate choleliths.

A five-year study of tetanus in the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony: Behavioral description and epizootiology.

Tetanus is a major cause of death in the free-ranging rhesus moonkey colony on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. During the five-year period of observation (July 1, 1976 through June 30, 1981), the mean annual tetanus mortality rate (± 1 SD) was 1.74% (±0.

A fatal epizootic of undetermined etiology in new world monkeys.

A peracute epizootic disease, strikingly characterized by profuse terminal hemorrhaging from the lungs, caused the deaths of 104 squirrel monkeys and 3 capuchin monkeys over a 22-month period. The case fatality rate was 100%. The pulmonary hemorrhaging was often accompanied by pulmonary edema and congestion, interstitial pneumonia, and hydrothorax.

Nasal and cutaneous anatrichosomiasis in the free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of Cayo Santiago.

One hundred and twenty-nine free-ranging rhesus monkeys on the island of Cayo Santiago were surveyed for the nematode Anatrichosoma cutaneum. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of the nasal and cutaneous forms of this parasite in untreated rhesus monkeys maintained in a seminatural subtropical environment. The average prevalence of the nasal form in the sampled Cayo Santiago macaques was 23.

The social development of an orphaned rhesus infant on Cayo Santiago: Male care, foster mother-orphan interaction and peer interaction.

The social development of a free-ranging male rhesus (Macaca mulatta) infant is described qualitatively and quantitatively from birth to orphaning at nearly 11 weeks of age, and then to 30 weeks of age. Initially the orphan was cared for by four males, but was subsequently adopted by his nulliparous sister. Measures of foster mother-orphan interaction were compared with measures of mother-infant interaction for a control sample of 20 mother-infant pais within the same group.