Surface-modified TiC MXene nanosheets for mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation photothermal conversion.

In the field of bone tissue engineering, the practical application of growth factors is limited by various factors such as systemic toxicity, instability, and the potential to induce inflammation. To circumvent these limitations, the use of physical signals, such as thermal stimulation, to regulate stem cells has been proposed as a promising alternative. The present study aims to investigate the potential of the two-dimensional nanomaterial TiC MXene, which exhibits unique photothermal properties, to induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) photothermal conversion.