Clinical Manifestations.

A critical need exists to find simpler approaches for early detection of Alzheimer disease (AD) and related dementias. These approaches must increase access to preventative interventions and treatments, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, for people in preclinical and prodromal stages of disease. This need has been amplified by the emergence of disease modifying therapies (DMTs), which require biological confirmation of amyloid-ß positivity.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Verbal fluency (VF) is crucial for language processing and cognitive flexibility, involving selective attention, inhibition, set shifting, response generation, and self-monitoring. VF assessment includes two distinct tasks, i.e.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: The multisite SuperAging Research Initiative (SRI) was established in 2021 to identify resilience and resistance factors promoting cognitive healthspan through a harmonized multidisciplinary protocol with prospective data collection. The designation of SuperAger is reserved for individuals age 80+ with episodic memory performance that is at least average for those 2-3 decades younger. Research studies of this relatively uncommon phenotype allow for investigations of fundamental importance to the neurobiology of brain aging, resilience, resistance, and avoidance of cognitive decline related to "average aging" and more severe impairments associated with Alzheimer's and related dementias (ADRD).

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: When assessed in the Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI) framework, late-life onset psychotic like symptoms (MBI-psychosis) are associated with incident cognitive decline and dementia. One approach to examining the genetic basis of this association, is to use Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) to determine whether genetic propensity for late-life onset psychosis is shared with other traits. We aimed to elucidate the shared genetic liability between Educational Attainment, Intelligence, Reasoning, Memory, Neuroticism, Alzheimer's Disease, Major Depression, Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI)-Psychosis in later life.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Sensory loss in hearing, vision, and olfaction are highly prevalent in older adults and are each associated with a higher risk of developing dementia. This study sought to identify the extent to which these sensory factors are associated with alterations in brain function and structure older adults with or at risk for dementia. We examined groups who range from relatively low risk (those with normal cognition and no cognitive complaints (NC)), to those with higher risk, namely individuals with subjective reports of cognitive decline (SCD) but normal cognition and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Sporadic bvFTD is often misdiagnosed as a primary psychiatric disorder (PPD) due to overlapping clinical features and lack of reliable biomarkers. The multi-centre study DIPPA-FTD aims to develop diagnostic- and prognostic-algorithms that can distinguish sporadic bvFTD from late-onset PPD. The aim of the retrospective DIPPA-FTD study was to identify the strongest clinical discriminators.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI) is a condition characterized by neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in older adults without dementia, serving as a precursor to various forms of dementia. This study explores the association between NPS and functional connectivity (FC) within the default mode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN), and salience network (SN) across three high-risk cohorts: mild cognitive impairment (due to Alzheimer's) (MCI, n = 79), cerebrovascular disease (CVD, n = 144), and Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 132).

Method: A total of 367 participants were recruited from the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI).

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Classical literature has pointed at lateralization of the relationship between memory scores and cerebral hemisphere injury. Epilepsy studies have suggested an association between left hippocampal damage and verbal memory deficits, and between right hippocampal damage and visual memory deficits. We aimed to explore this concept in the context of tauopathy due to Alzheimer's disease.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Recent studies showed that neuroinflammation plays a key role in triggering specific neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), such as irritability and agitation, in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). While prior studies showed an association between tau pathology and all NPS domains, the extent to which tau influences each specific NPS domain remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate the association of tau and NPS domains in the AD continuum.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Clinically meaningful cognitive impairment has typically been defined as a single impaired test score, but this approach is prone to false-positive errors. Examining two test scores at a lower threshold (i.e.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and older age are well-known risk factors for dementia. Indeed, there is evidence that older adults not diagnosed, but at-risk for T2D can show early signs of cognitive decline, further exacerbated by excessive body weight or high blood glucose levels. Such a finding would have implications for early treatment strategies; however, the evidence is still sparse.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: The utility of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) for early detection of AD and/or other neuropathologies is not fully understood, with concerns regarding specificity. Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) is a syndrome identifying persons at risk for incident cognitive decline and dementia by leveraging risk associated with later-life emergent and persistent NPS. Here, in dementia-free individuals at baseline, we examined whether AD, Lewy body (LB), and/or transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology at autopsy were associated with the presence of MBI five years before death.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Apathy and mood symptoms are increasingly recognised as clinical important aspects of prodromal dementia; both are associated with increased risk of dementia even in cognitively normal people. The clinical overlap between apathy and low mood poses a challenge in distinguishing between the two conditions. It is crucial to differentiate between depression and apathy, along with any underlying syndromes, to facilitate the development of targeted treatments.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Menopause has been associated with greater dementia risk. We investigated the relationship between the presence of specific symptoms experienced during menopause (i.e.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Apathy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with cognitive impairment, particularly executive functions such as selective attention, making it unclear whether apathy should be a separate treatment target. Apathy in Dementia Methylphenidate Trial 2 (ADMET 2) is the largest and most recent trial assessing apathy and cognition. This analysis assessed whether changes in apathy correlated to changes in various cognitive domains in ADMET 2.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Changes in sleep are common in older persons and have been linked to higher dementia risk. The link between sleep complaints and early risk markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), namely subjective changes in cognition and mild behavioral impairment (MBI), have not been fully explored. This study investigated associations between sleep complaints with cognitive and behavioral AD risk markers and quality of life (QoL) among cognitively unimpaired older persons.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Language impairment is common in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and is often overlooked due to the severity of the motor symptoms. We investigated whether language can be used to predict PSP prognosis.

Methods: One hundred-forty-six patients with a diagnosis of possible or probable PSP from the Tilavonemab (ABBV-8E12) clinical trial were evaluated at baseline and week 32 using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), the PSP rating scale (PSPRS) and the Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale (SEADL).

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is classically viewed as a predominantly amnestic syndrome, with other cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) being non-integral associations. Emerging Evidence suggests that within typical AD, these symptoms are core features from the onset.

Methods: We employed K-modes clustering on 2483 cognitively impaired (CI) individuals (CDR ≥ 0.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Olfactory identification is impaired in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This early sensory impairment could result from several factors such as early cognitive or structural cerebral damages caused by the disease. It is however not clear which factors are contributing the most to the olfactory impairment in older people at risk of developing AD.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild behavioral impairment (MBI) identify older persons that are more likely to be at preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) than those without SCD and MBI. However, vascular co-pathologies may also contribute to new onset and persistent cognitive and behavioral symptoms. We investigated vascular risk factor associations with SCD and MBI in older persons without mild cognitive impairment or dementia.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: The newly proposed criteria by the AA working group incorporates both biological and clinical stages to characterize the progression of AD. In this study, we aim to evaluate the agreement between these two complementary systems.

Methods: Using 188 participants from McGill TRIAD and 139 from the HEAD cohorts, we categorized participants into biological (0-4) and clinical (0-4) stages using amyloid PET, tau PET(MK-6240), and clinical measures as described by the working group.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Agitation in dementia is associated with poor outcomes, including mortality. However, the lack of a consensus definition of agitation has hampered research, historically driven by variable approaches to symptom identification. Accordingly, prevalence estimates range widely (5%-88%) and interventions are hard to compare meaningfully.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Adherence to treatment guidelines for agitation in dementia is suboptimal and inconsistent. We designed an Integrated Care Pathway (ICP) that standardized behavioral and pharmacological interventions for agitation in dementia, and evaluated it against treatment-as-usual (TAU). The two primary hypotheses were that, compared to TAU, the ICP would result in (1) lower agitation and (2) lower rates of polypharmacy at study end.

Luminescence of the CsZrCl under High Pressure.

The photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectra of the CsZrCl crystal over a wide range of pressures were studied in this work for the first time. PL measurements were performed up to 10 GPa, while the Raman spectra were measured up to 20 GPa. The PL data revealed a linear blue shift of the emission maximum from about 2.

Tinnitus prevalence and associations with leisure noise exposure among Canadians, aged 6 to 79 years.

Objective: To examine the association between individual, cumulative leisure noise exposure (CLNE), acceptable yearly exposure (AYE) and tinnitus among a nationally representative sample of Canadians.

Design: In-person household questionnaires were used to evaluate leisure noise exposure across age, sex, household income and tinnitus: ever experienced, previous year, frequent, bothersome. High (≥85 dBA, LEX), low (<85 dBA, LEX) CLNE and AYEs were defined according to occupational limits.