An Analytic Equation for Assessing the Thickness of Titanium Nitride Coatings by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in the Scanning Electron Microscope.

In this study, a methodology for assessing the thickness of titanium nitride (TiN) coatings by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in the scanning electron microscope is explored. A standardless method is applied, where the film thickness (th) is related to the microscope accelerating voltage (V0), the type of substrate and the ratio between the more intense peaks in the EDS spectrum, arising from both the substrate and the coating (afterwards called the I-ratio, IR). Three different substrates covered with TiN were studied, namely, silicon, glass, and stainless steel.

Accuracy of a reference-free Monte Carlo approach for SEM-EDS thickness assessment of TiN coatings onto diverse substrates.

Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) experiments were carried out in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) on top of either stainless steel (SS), silicon or glass substrates covered with TiN nitride coatings. The nominal coating thicknesses were 0.43, 1.

Dynamic Electroporation Model Evaluation on Rabbit Tissues.

Biological electroporation is a process of opening pores in the cell membrane when exposed to intense electric fields. This work provides results for validation of a dynamic model of electroporation on biological tissues. Computational simulations were carried out and results for the electrical current through the tissue and increase of the tissue temperature were compared to experimental results.

Mirrored enhanced Howland current source with feedback control.

An impedance spectrum is calculated by the ratio between an injecting current and a resulting measured voltage, which allows the extraction of electrical properties from the material under study. The current source is considered an essential block to deliver a controlled current to a wide range of working loads and large bandwidth. To comply with such requirements, the current source output impedance must be much higher than the load impedance at each discrete frequency within the range.

Stokes-Einstein relation for pure simple fluids.

The authors employed the equilibrium molecular dynamics technique to calculate the self-diffusion coefficient and the shear viscosity for simple fluids that obey the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential in order to investigate the validity of the Stokes-Einstein (SE) relation for pure simple fluids. They performed calculations in a broad range of density and temperature in order to test the SE relation. The main goal of this work is to exactly calculate the constant, here denominated by alpha, present in the SE relation.