Developmental changes in responsiveness to parents and unfamiliar adults in a monogamous monkey (Callicebus moloch).

Titi monkeys (Callicebus moloch) are monogamous New World primates that are characteristically found in family-type groups consisting of a mated adult pair and one or two young. The factors maintaining the small size of these groups are not known. Based on observations of free-ranging and captive families, parental aggression toward older offspring seems unlikely to play a significant role.

Control of keratin gene expression by vitamin A in tracheobronchial epithelial cells.

Vitamin A (retinol) treatment induces (and/or enhances) mucous cell differentiation and alters keratin gene expression in cultured airway epithelial cells of human and nonhuman primate origin. We observed that retinol greatly reduced the synthesis of keratins 5, 6, 14, 16, and 17, but slightly enhanced keratins 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, and 19. These changes were also reflected at the mRNA level as demonstrated by cell-free translation and by cDNA cloning of human keratin genes based on differential hybridization.

Expression of a squamous cell marker, the spr1 gene, is posttranscriptionally down-regulated by retinol in airway epithelium.

Vitamin A (retinol) is required for the normal mucociliary differentiation of respiratory epithelium. A depletion of vitamin A promotes squamous cell metaplasia. To understand how vitamin A suppresses squamous cell differentiation, the expression of a squamous cell differentiation marker, the small proline-rich protein gene (spr1), was studied in cultured monkey tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) cells.

Response of macaque bronchiolar epithelium to ambient concentrations of ozone.

Recently, we reported that exposure to ambient concentrations of ozone, near the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (0.

Mucin synthesis and secretion by cultured tracheal cells: effects of collagen gel substratum thickness.

We previously demonstrated that human tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) cells synthesize mucin and form mucous granules in culture when they are maintained on a collagen gel (CG) substratum, but not on a plastic tissue culture surface or a thin collagen-coated surface (Wu et al., Am. J.

Isolation and characterization of the human spr1 gene and its regulation of expression by phorbol ester and cyclic AMP.

The small proline-rich protein gene (spr1) is a marker whose expression is frequently associated with squamous cell differentiation. We observed that the expression of the spr1 gene is strongly induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Both the time course result and the nuclear run-on transcriptional assay suggested that the regulation of spr1 expression by PMA is controlled at the transcriptional level.

cDNA cloning of a hnRNP A1 isoform and its regulation by retinol in monkey tracheobronchial epithelial cells.

An isoform of the hnRNP A1 was cloned from a cDNA library of monkey tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) cells by differential hybridization. The cDNA clone MT77 has an insert of 1756 base pairs and the DNA sequence shares high homology to both human A1 alpha-type and beta-type isoforms with the exception of several differences in the coding and noncoding regions. Like the other two isoforms, MT77 has two polyadenylation sites.

Embryotoxicity studies of norfloxacin in cynomolgus monkeys. II. Role of progesterone.

Norfloxacin, an orally active fluoroquinolone antimicrobial, has been reported to be embryolethal but not teratogenic when administered to pregnant cynomolgus macaques prior to gestational day (GD) 36 at doses > or = 200 mg/kg/day. Additional studies have been performed in an effort to examine the mechanism responsible for this effect, particularly regarding the role of progesterone (P). The first study (Study I) investigated the effect of norfloxacin administration during early pregnancy (200 mg/kg/day; daily GD 20-30) in the absence of a functional corpus luteum (CL).

An unusual expression of a squamous cell marker, small proline-rich protein gene, in tracheobronchial epithelium: differential regulation and gene mapping.

An unusual expression of a putative squamous cell marker, small proline-rich protein (spr1), in mucociliary epithelial cells of conducting airways was demonstrated in a serum-free culture system. A cDNA clone was isolated from the cDNA library of monkey tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) cells by differential hybridization. This cDNA clone, MT5, exhibited 98% homology to a DNA sequence obtained from human keratinocytes treated with either UV light or phorbol esters (T.

Acute ozone-induced lung injury in neutrophil-depleted rats.

To test the hypothesis that neutrophils contribute to acute, ozone-induced epithelial damage in the lung, rats were depleted of their circulating neutrophils by intraperitoneal injection of a rabbit anti-rat neutrophil serum (ANS) 12 hr prior to an 8-hr exposure to 1.0 ppm ozone. Additional rats were given an injection of normal rabbit serum (NRS) prior to ozone exposure.

Ozone-induced acute tracheobronchial epithelial injury: relationship to granulocyte emigration in the lung.

To investigate the relationship between granulocyte emigration and epithelial injury in specific airway generations of the tracheobronchial tree following short-term ozone exposure, we exposed rhesus monkeys for 8 h to 0.00 (controls) or 0.96 ppm ozone with post-exposure periods of 1, 12, 24, 72, and 168 h in filtered air before necropsy.

Functional and morphologic changes caused by acute ozone exposure in the isolated and perfused rat lung.

Ozone has been shown to increase airway resistance and/or airway reactivity in vivo in animals and humans. Because of the complexities inherent in studying this phenomenon in whole animals, we developed a model of ozone-induced effects on airway physiology using the isolated perfused rat lung. Rat lungs were suspended in an airtight chamber and perfused via the pulmonary circulation with a modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 4.

Thioredoxin gene expression is transcriptionally up-regulated by retinol in monkey conducting airway epithelial cells.

Using the differential hybridization technique, a cDNA clone, MT78, was isolated from the cDNA library of retinol-treated monkey tracheobronchial (TBE) epithelial cells. MT78 has a high sequence homology to human thioredoxin. The cDNA insert contains 506 nucleotides which encodes a peptide of 105 amino acids.

Concentration-response relationships of rat lungs to exposure to oxidant air pollutants: a critical test of Haber's Law for ozone and nitrogen dioxide.

Exposure protocols were designed to ask whether lung damage in rats exposed to either ozone or nitrogen dioxide is proportional to dose rate or to cumulative dose. Thus, the response of rats to a constant product of concentration of oxidant air pollutant and time of exposure (C x T) was evaluated for 3-day exposures over a fourfold range of concentrations of ozone (0.2-0.

Pulmonary inflammation and epithelial injury in response to acute ozone exposure in the rat.

To document the time course of the inflammatory response and epithelial injury in the lung following an acute ozone exposure, rats were exposed to 1.0 ppm ozone for periods between 4 and 24 hr. Some of the exposures were followed by postexposure periods in filtered air for up to 20 hr.

Normal vaginal aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

The most common bacterial species isolated from the vaginas of 37 healthy rhesus macaques were Streptococcus viridans, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, Mobiluncus curtisii ss. curtisii, Corynebacterium renale-like organisms, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Gardnerella-like organisms, and other Corynebacterium species. The vaginal flora of the rhesus macaque differs from that previously reported for five other primate species.

Isolation of a simian immunodeficiency virus related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from a west African pet sooty mangabey.

Two of 25 healthy pet sooty mangabey (SM) monkeys (Cercocebus atys) living in West Africa were seropositive by immunoblot when surveyed for antibody to simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac). SIVsmLIB1 was isolated from one of the pet sooty mangabeys. Nucleotide sequence data showed that this isolate is a member of the SIVsm/human immunodeficiecy virus type 2 (HIV-2)/SIVmac group of primate lentiviruses.

Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in Bolivian and Brazilian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).

Median corpuscular fragility of erythrocytes does not differ significantly between fed and fasted Bolivian and Brazilian squirrel monkeys and are similar to values reported in humans and rhesus monkeys. This report further confirms that the fasting hyperbilirubinemia present only in Bolivian squirrel monkeys with a Gilbert-like syndrome is not due to an increased fragility of erythrocytes and should be classified as a nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia.

Mucin-like glycoprotein secreted by cultured hamster tracheal epithelial cells. Biochemical and immunological characterization.

We isolated mucin-like glycoproteins from the conditioned medium of primary hamster tracheal epithelial (HTE) cell culture and characterized them biochemically and immunologically. These glycoproteins were purified on Sepharose CL-4B after Streptomyces hyaluronidase treatment and then by CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation in the presence of 4 M-guanidinium chloride. The purified glycoproteins were resistant to digestion by chondroitin AC lyase, heparinase, heparitinase and endo-N-acetylglucosaminidases A, D and H, but susceptible to endo-beta-galactosidase and keratanase.

The use of nonmetal electrodes in electroejaculation of restrained but unanesthetized macaques.

A successful technique for electroejaculation with nonmetallic electrodes cut from defibrillation pads is described. Twenty-six adult male cynomolgus and eleven adult male rhesus macaques were electroejaculated while immobilized with chair restraint. From 123 attempted electroejaculations in both species of macaques, 119 semen specimens were obtained.

The macaque model for in vitro fertilization: superovulation techniques and ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration.

Prior methods for macaque in vitro fertilization (IVF) have incorporated laparoscopy and/or laparotomy as the primary means for oocyte recovery. Sonographic techniques, as used with human IVF, have been applied to the macaque, both for monitoring the response to hyperstimulation and for follicular aspiration prior to ovulation. Pergonal (hMG) was administered for 7 or 8 days beginning on cycle day 1 or 2 or for 6 days beginning on cycle day 3.

Elimination of type D retrovirus infection from group-housed rhesus monkeys using serial testing and removal.

Type D retrovirus was successfully eliminated from an infected population of group-housed rhesus monkeys by serial testing of all animals for virus and antibody and subsequent removal of positives. This population of 53 rhesus had been housed together for 1 year prior to the initiation of the test and removal program, with six deaths from type D retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency disease occurring during this period. No new infections were detected after four rounds of testing.

Effect of intrapartum meperidine on the behavioral consequences of neonatal oxygen deprivation in rhesus monkey infants.

The endogenous opiate system is thought to play a unique role in the adaptive response to hypoxia during the fetal and neonatal period. Exogenous opiates used as analgesics during labor may also affect this adaptive response. Infant monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were exposed to oxygen deprivation (15-min period breathing 12% O2) on the day of birth.

Sociophysiology of squirrel monkeys.

Primate sociophysiology is an emerging discipline concerned with understanding the proximate mechanisms that contribute to the generation and maintenance of species-typical social systems. Studies of squirrel monkeys illustrate that sociophysiological processes are more varied than is commonly assumed with respect to both the effective social dimensions that influence physiological function and the nature of concomitant physiological effects. For adult squirrel monkeys, a major consequence of social stimulation is altered regulation of pituitary-adrenal, pituitary-gonadal, and autonomic function.

Developmental toxicity of L-selenomethionine in Macaca fascicularis.

Forty pregnant long-tailed macaques were dosed via nasogastric intubation with 0, 25, 150, or 300 micrograms/kg of L-selenomethionine (Se) daily during organogenesis [Gestational Day (GD) 20-50]. Clinical examination of the dams, maternal body weights, sonographic evaluations, clinical chemistry screens, and measures of serum progesterone and urinary estrone conjugates were used as indicators of maternal and fetal status in all animals. The pregnancies of two to three dams from each dose group were followed until term (approximately GD 165); the remainder (N = 7/dose group) were scheduled for hysterotomy on GD 100 +/- 2.