Factors Associated with Low/Moderate Perceived Risk for HIV Acquisition Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Eligible to Use Pre-exposure Prophylaxis from Brazil, Mexico, and Peru.

Perceived risk for HIV acquisition among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) may not align with their actual sexual HIV exposure. Factors associated with low/moderate perceived risk among GBMSM eligible for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) (based on their high estimated HIV exposure) have been poorly described in Latin America. This is a secondary analysis of a 2018 web-based cross-sectional survey in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence for Detection of Rib Fracture on X-ray and Computed Tomography Imaging: A Systematic Review.

Rib pathology is uniquely difficult and time-consuming for radiologists to diagnose. AI can reduce radiologist workload and serve as a tool to improve accurate diagnosis. To date, no reviews have been performed synthesizing identification of rib fracture data on AI and its diagnostic performance on X-ray and CT scans of rib fractures and its comparison to physicians.

Rethinking the residual approach: leveraging statistical learning to operationalize cognitive resilience in Alzheimer's disease.

Cognitive resilience (CR) describes the phenomenon of individuals evading cognitive decline despite prominent Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Operationalization and measurement of this latent construct is non-trivial as it cannot be directly observed. The residual approach has been widely applied to estimate CR, where the degree of resilience is estimated through a linear model's residuals.

Determinants of frailty among hospitalized older adults across various wards in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal.

Introduction: Frailty, characterized by decreased resilience due to physiological decline, affects approximately 65% of community-dwelling elderly in Nepal. This study assessed frailty and its factors among hospitalized older adults in a tertiary hospital in Nepal.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 124 participants aged 60 and above, admitted to a tertiary hospital in Nepal.

Promoting Health Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Medical and Scientific Writing and Publishing of Research: A Statement from the Inaugural Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Advocacy Team of the Journal of General Internal Medicine.

The Journal of General Internal Medicine (JGIM) has a long-standing history of publishing manuscripts focused on health equity and is committed to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in scientific writing and publishing. This is extremely important in the current climate where false narratives and attacks on DEI and health equity are rampant. To demonstrate their commitment to DEI and health equity, the JGIM Editors-in-Chief created an inaugural DEI Advocacy Team.

Cryogenic in-memory computing using magnetic topological insulators.

Machine learning algorithms have proven to be effective for essential quantum computation tasks such as quantum error correction and quantum control. Efficient hardware implementation of these algorithms at cryogenic temperatures is essential. Here we utilize magnetic topological insulators as memristors (termed magnetic topological memristors) and introduce a cryogenic in-memory computing scheme based on the coexistence of a chiral edge state and a topological surface state.

Correlated spin-wave generation and domain-wall oscillation in a topologically textured magnetic film.

Spin waves, or magnons, are essential for next-generation energy-efficient spintronics and magnonics. Yet, visualizing spin-wave dynamics at nanoscale and microwave frequencies remains a formidable challenge due to the lack of spin-sensitive, time-resolved microscopy. Here we report a breakthrough in imaging dipole-exchange spin waves in a ferromagnetic film owing to the development of laser-free ultrafast Lorentz electron microscopy, which is equipped with a microwave-mediated electron pulser for high spatiotemporal resolution.

Rome Foundation Working Team Report on overlap in disorders of gut-brain interaction.

In patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), overlapping non-gastrointestinal conditions such as fibromyalgia, headaches, gynaecological and urological conditions, sleep disturbances and fatigue are common, as is overlap among DGBI in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract. These overlaps strongly influence patient management and outcome. Shared pathophysiology could explain this scenario, but details are not fully understood.

Long-term liver outcomes after metabolic surgery in compensated cirrhosis due to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

No therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of major adverse liver outcomes (MALO) in patients with cirrhosis due to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). The Surgical Procedures Eliminate Compensated Cirrhosis In Advancing Long-term (SPECCIAL) observational study compared the effects of metabolic surgery and nonsurgical treatment in patients with obesity and compensated histologically proven MASH-related cirrhosis. Using a doubly robust estimation methodology to balance key baseline characteristics between groups, the time-to-incident MALO was compared between 62 patients (68% female) who underwent metabolic surgery and 106 nonsurgical controls (71% female), with a mean follow-up of 10.

Social epidemiology of early adolescent nutrition.

Background: This study aimed to investigate associations between sociodemographic factors and dietary intake among a diverse population of early adolescents ages 10-13 years in the United States.

Methods: We examined data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study in Year 2 (2018-2020, ages 10-13 years, N = 10,280). Multivariable linear regression models were conducted to estimate the adjusted associations between sociodemographic factors (age, sex, race and ethnicity, household income, parental education) and dietary intake of various food groups, measured by the Block Kids Food Screener.

Cytoplasmic mRNA decay and quality control machineries in eukaryotes.

mRNA degradation pathways have key regulatory roles in gene expression. The intrinsic stability of mRNAs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells varies widely in a gene- and isoform-dependent manner and can be regulated by cellular cues, such as kinase signalling, to control mRNA levels and spatiotemporal dynamics of gene expression. Moreover, specialized quality control pathways exist to rid cells of non-functional mRNAs produced by errors in mRNA processing or mRNA damage that negatively impact translation.

Splicing accuracy varies across human introns, tissues, age and disease.

Alternative splicing impacts most multi-exonic human genes. Inaccuracies during this process may have an important role in ageing and disease. Here, we investigate splicing accuracy using RNA-sequencing data from >14k control samples and 40 human body sites, focusing on split reads partially mapping to known transcripts in annotation.

The politicization of influenza: partisan changes in flu vaccination before and after COVID-19.

Background: Democrats are more likely to be vaccinated for COVID-19 than Republicans. It is unknown if political polarization surrounding the COVID-19 vaccine has affected flu vaccine uptake. The purpose of this study is to examine the partisan differences in annual flu vaccine uptake before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Intervention Stage Completion and Behavioral Health Outcomes: An Integrated Behavioral Health and Primary Care Randomized Pragmatic Trial.

Purpose: We performed a pragmatic, cluster randomized controlled trial of a comprehensive practice-level, multistage practice transformation intervention aiming to increase behavioral health integration in primary care practices and improve patient outcomes. We examined associations between completion of intervention stages and patient outcomes across a heterogeneous national sample of primary care practices.

Methods: Forty-two primary care practices across the United States with colocated behavioral health and 2,945 patients with multiple chronic medical and behavioral health conditions completed surveys at baseline, midpoint, and 2-year follow-up.

Prioritizing working memory resources depends on prefrontal cortex.

How the prefrontal cortex contributes to working memory remains controversial, as theories differ in their emphasis on its role in storing memories versus controlling their content. To adjudicate between these competing ideas, we tested how perturbations to the human (both sexes) lateral prefrontal cortex impact the storage and control aspects of working memory during a task that requires human subjects to allocate resources to memory items based on their behavioral priority. Our computational model made a strong prediction that disruption of this control process would counterintuitively improve memory for low-priority items.

Positive affect amplifies integration within episodic memories in the laboratory and the real world.

Emotional events hold a privileged place in our memories, differing in accuracy and structure from memories for neutral experiences. Although much work has focused on the pronounced differences in memory for negative experiences, there is growing evidence that positive events may lead to more holistic, or integrated, memories. However, it is unclear whether these affect-driven changes in memory structure, which have been found in highly controlled laboratory environments, extend to real-world episodic memories.

Structural analysis of human ADAR2-RNA complexes by X-ray crystallography.

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNAs (ADARs) are a class of RNA editing enzymes found in metazoa that catalyze the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in duplexed RNA. Inosine is a nucleotide that can base pair with cytidine, therefore, inosine is interpreted by cellular processes as guanosine. ADARs are functionally important in RNA recoding events, RNA structure modulation, innate immunity, and can be harnessed for therapeutically-driven base editing to treat genetic disorders.

En masse evaluation of RNA guides (EMERGe) for ADARs.

Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs) convert adenosine to inosine in duplex RNA, and through the delivery of guide RNAs, can be directed to edit specific adenosine sites. As ADARs are endogenously expressed in humans, their editing capacities hold therapeutic potential and allow us to target disease-relevant sequences in RNA through the rationale design of guide RNAs. However, current design principles are not suitable for difficult-to-edit target sites, posing challenges to unlocking the full therapeutic potential of this approach.

The multifaceted roles of retinoids in eye development, vision, and retinal degenerative diseases.

Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol; at-Rol) and its derivatives, known as retinoids, have been adopted by vertebrates to serve as visual chromophores and signaling molecules, particularly in the eye/retina. Few tissues rely on retinoids as heavily as the retina, and the study of genetically modified mouse models with deficiencies in specific retinoid-metabolizing proteins has allowed us to gain insight into the unique or redundant roles of these proteins in at-Rol uptake and storage, or their downstream roles in retinal development and function. These processes occur during embryogenesis and continue throughout life.

Two unrelated distal genes activated by a shared enhancer benefit from localizing inside the same small topological domain.

Enhancers are tissue-specific regulatory DNA elements that can activate transcription of genes over distance. Their target genes most often are located in the same contact domain-chromosomal entities formed by cohesin DNA loop extrusion and typically flanked by CTCF-bound boundaries. Enhancers shared by multiple unrelated genes are underexplored but may be more common than anticipated.

Effects of daridorexant on rest/wake activity patterns and drinking in adult rats exposed to chronic ethanol vapor in adolescence.

Disturbance in sleep and activity rhythms are significant health risks associated with alcohol use during adolescence. Many investigators support the theory of a reciprocal relationship between disrupted circadian rhythms, sleep patterns, and alcohol usage. However, in human studies it is difficult to disentangle other factors (i.