Time-resolved momentum microscopy with fs-XUV photons at high repetition rates with flexible energy and time resolution.

Time-resolved momentum microscopy is an emerging technique based on photoelectron spectroscopy for characterizing ultrafast electron dynamics and the out-of-equilibrium electronic structure of materials in the entire Brillouin zone with high efficiency. In this article, we introduce a setup for time-resolved momentum microscopy based on an energy-filtered momentum microscope coupled to a custom-made high-harmonic generation photon source driven by a multi-100 kHz commercial Yb-ultrafast laser that delivers fs pulses in the extreme ultraviolet range. The laser setup includes a nonlinear pulse compression stage employing spectral broadening in a Herriott-type bulk-based multi-pass cell.

Pediatric eosinophilic fasciitis: similarities and differences with adult forms.

The purpose of this study was to identify pediatric eosinophilic fasciitis, which is an extremely rare condition, in order to describe their clinical, paraclinical, and therapeutic characteristics. We made a call for observations via societies for pediatric rheumatology in France and surrounding countries and collected clinical and paraclinical data of the cases fulfilling the diagnostic criteria. Eight patients under 18 years of age with confirmed eosinophilic fasciitis followed between April 2004 and July 2022 in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain were included.

fMRI data acquisition and analysis for task-free, anesthetized rats.

Templates for the acquisition of large datasets such as the Human Connectome Project guide the neuroimaging community to reproducible data acquisition and scientific rigor. By contrast, small animal neuroimaging often relies on laboratory-specific protocols, which limit cross-study comparisons. The establishment of broadly validated protocols may facilitate the acquisition of large datasets, which are essential for uncovering potentially small effects often seen in functional MRI (fMRI) studies.

The architecture of the human default mode network explored through cytoarchitecture, wiring and signal flow.

The default mode network (DMN) is implicated in many aspects of complex thought and behavior. Here, we leverage postmortem histology and in vivo neuroimaging to characterize the anatomy of the DMN to better understand its role in information processing and cortical communication. Our results show that the DMN is cytoarchitecturally heterogenous, containing cytoarchitectural types that are variably specialized for unimodal, heteromodal and memory-related processing.

Chromatin environment-dependent effects of DOT1L on gene expression in male germ cells.

The H3K79 methyltransferase DOT1L is essential for multiple aspects of mammalian development where it has been shown to regulate gene expression. Here, by producing and integrating epigenomic and spike-in RNA-seq data, we decipher the molecular role of DOT1L during mouse spermatogenesis and show that it has opposite effects on gene expression depending on chromatin environment. On one hand, DOT1L represses autosomal genes that are devoid of H3K79me2 at their bodies and located in H3K27me3-rich/H3K27ac-poor environments.

Radon on Mars and the Moon derived from Martian and lunar meteorites.

The radioactive gas radon-222, a fluid and aerosol tracer in Earth's lithosphere and atmosphere, can also reveal subtle rock physics processes in extraterrestrial environments, such as those involving water, but remains poorly constrained in planetary bodies due to the limited number of samples available. Here we measure the effective radium-226 concentration (EC) of six Martian and nine lunar meteorites to derive radon source terms for Martian and lunar rocks. EC values are 0.

A guide for active learning in synergistic drug discovery.

Synergistic drug combination screening is a promising strategy in drug discovery, but it involves navigating a costly and complex search space. While AI, particularly deep learning, has advanced synergy predictions, its effectiveness is limited by the low occurrence of synergistic drug pairs. Active learning, which integrates experimental testing into the learning process, has been proposed to address this challenge.

Neural circuits underlying context-dependent competition between defensive actions in Drosophila larvae.

To ensure their survival, animals must be able to respond adaptively to threats within their environment. However, the precise neural circuit mechanisms that underlie flexible defensive behaviors remain poorly understood. Using neuronal manipulations, machine learning-based behavioral detection, electron microscopy (EM) connectomics and calcium imaging in Drosophila larvae, we map second-order interneurons that are differentially involved in the competition between defensive actions in response to competing aversive cues.

Can a single coastal tide gauge help predict internal solitary wave activity offshore.

Internal solitary waves (ISWs) propagate in stratified waters, enhancing diapycnal mixing, sediment and mass transport on shelves. They have typical wavelengths of hundreds of meters and tens of minutes periods, requiring high resolution and high frequency measurements for their sampling. But such in-situ measurements are scarce and ISWs remain largely unpredictable.

High-rate quantum LDPC codes for long-range-connected neutral atom registers.

High-rate quantum error correcting (QEC) codes with moderate overheads in qubit number and control complexity are highly desirable for achieving fault-tolerant quantum computing. Recently, quantum error correction has experienced significant progress both in code development and experimental realizations, with neutral atom qubit architecture rapidly establishing itself as a leading platform in the field. Scalable quantum computing will require processing with QEC codes that have low qubit overhead and large error suppression, and while such codes do exist, they involve a degree of non-locality that has yet to be integrated into experimental platforms.

Physiological and cerebral hemodynamic changes during routine nursing procedures for very preterm infants.

Background: Care procedures for preterm infants can induce stress that may disrupt homeostasis, possibly altering cerebral perfusion or oxygenation. We evaluated the physiological and cerebral oxygenation changes during the routine care of very preterm infants.

Methods: We analyzed the changes in heart and respiratory rates and in systemic and regional cerebral oxygen saturation of 27 very preterm infants, defining three care periods of 5 min each: 30 min before care, 30 min during care, and 30 min after care.

Sequential and Time-Controlled Sol-Gel Transitions by Mechanical Switching of Molecular Tweezers.

Controlling the motion of molecular machines to influence higher-order structures is well-established in biological systems but remains a significant challenge for synthetic analogs. Herein, we aim to harness the mechanical switching of switchable molecular tweezers to modulate their self-assembly and produce stimuli-responsive organogels. We report a series of terpy(Pt-salphen) molecular tweezers functionalized with alkyl chains that act as low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) in their open conformation.

Effects of blood-brain barrier opening using ultrasound on tauopathies: A systematic review.

Unlabelled: Blood-brain barrier opening with ultrasound can potentiate drug efficacy in the treatment of brain pathologies and also provides therapeutic effects on its own. It is an innovative tool to transiently, repeatedly and safely open the barrier, with studies showing beneficial effects in both preclinical models for Alzheimer's disease and recent clinical studies. The first preclinical and clinical work has mainly shown a decrease in amyloid burden in mice models and in patients.

Brain inflammation and cognitive decline induced by spinal cord injury can be reversed by spinal cord cell transplants.

Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) impact between 250,000 and 500,000 people worldwide annually, often resulting from road accidents or falls. These injuries frequently lead to lasting disabilities, with the severity depending on the injury's extent and location. Emerging research also links SCIs to cognitive impairments due to brain inflammation.

Cardiac thrombus: can T1 and T2 mapping replace contrast enhanced images?

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of pre- and postcontrast T1 maps, T2 maps, early and late gadolinium images in terms of visual assessment of cardiac thrombus, to see if maps can replace contrast-enhanced images for detection of cardiac thrombus.

Materials And Methods: T1, T2 maps, and postcontrast images of 22 patients with cardiac thrombus were retrospectively evaluated for SNR and CNR. SNR and CNR values of thrombus, blood pool, and myocardium measured at maps and contrast-enhanced images were compared with each other.

Rational choices elicit stronger sense of agency in brain and behavior.

The sense of agency is the subjective feeling of control over one's own actions and the associated outcomes. Here, we asked whether and to what extent the reasons behind our choices (operationalized by value differences, expected utility, and counterfactual option sets) drive our sense of agency. We simultaneously tested these three dimensions during a novel value-based decision-making task while recording explicit (self-reported) and implicit (brain signals) measures of agency.

Comparison of two strategies of glucocorticoid withdrawal in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in low disease activity (STAR): a randomised, placebo- controlled, double-blind trial.

Objectives: To compare two strategies-a hydrocortisone replacement strategy and a prednisone tapering strategy-for their success in glucocorticoid discontinuation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with low disease activity (LDA).

Methods: The Strategies for glucocorticoid TApering in Rheumatoid arthritis (STAR) study was a double- blind, double-placebo randomised controlled trial including patients with RA receiving a stable dose of glucocorticoid 5 mg/day for ≥3 months and were in LDA for ≥3 months. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either replace prednisone with 20 mg/day of hydrocortisone for 3 months, then reduce to 10 mg/day for 3 months before discontinuation or to taper prednisone by 1 mg/day every month until complete discontinuation, contingent on maintaining LDA.

Selected plant extracts and female fertility: role in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis in normal and pathological conditions.

Female infertility, which affects 10-20% of couples worldwide, is a growing health concern in developing countries. It can be caused by multiple factors, including reproductive disorders, hormonal dysfunctions, congenital malformations and infections. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that plant extracts regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone, kisspeptin, and gonadotropin expression and/or secretion at the hypothalamic-pituitary level and modulate somatic and germ cells, such as steroidogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress at the ovarian level.