A comprehensive review on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from marine sources.

The primary purpose of this review is to explore the green synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) using natural biomolecules derived from marine sources. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of environmentally friendly approaches for synthesizing AgNPs and to examine their potential applications across various fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and environmental remediation. The key research question focuses on understanding how marine biomolecules, including polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, amino acids, alkaloids, and vitamins, contribute to the formation of AgNPs and how these green-synthesized nanoparticles retain their functional properties.

AQbD-enhanced green RP-UPLC-PDA methodology for quantification and forced degradation studies for omeprazole, amoxicillin, and rifabutin.

The ternary combination like omeprazole (OMP), amoxicillin (AMX), and rifabutin (RFB) was approved by the FDA in November 2019 for combating Helicobacter pylori infections and ulcers caused by this infection. This study aims to develop and authenticate a robust and eco-friendly RP-UPLC technique aimed at the concurrent analysis of OMP, AMX, and RFB, following ICH guidelines, Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), and green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles. The analysis used the Thermo C18 column (100 mm × 2.

Advanced Glycation End Products-Induced Alzheimer's Disease and Its Novel Therapeutic Approaches: A Comprehensive Review.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate in the brain, leading to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pathophysiology of AD is influenced by receptors for AGEs and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Protein glycation results in irreversible AGEs through a complicated series of reactions involving the formation of Schiff's base, the Amadori reaction, followed by the Maillard reaction, which causes abnormal brain glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, malfunctioning mitochondria, plaque deposition, and neuronal death.

Compounding and Characterization of a Selfmicroemulsifying System of Ticagrelor Tablets for Enhanced Solubility.

Ticagrelor is used to inhibit acute coronary syndrome, but its poor solubility and low bioavailability limit its in-vivo efficacy. The purpose of this study was to manufacture an optimized ticagrelor-loaded self-microemulsifying drug-delivery system in the form of tablets to enhance the solubility and dissolution of that drug. A preliminary study was conducted to determine the extent of turbidity of oils for this study, and a pseudoternaryphase diagram was used to identify the region of formation of microemulsion with 3 ratios (1:1,1:2, and 1:3).

A Computational Study of Phenothiazine Derivatives as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Targeting Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects learning, memory and behavioral turbulence in elderly patients. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors act as anti-Alzheimer's agents. Phenothiazine derivatives are considered momentous anti-Alzheimer's agents because of their AChE inhibitory activity.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of shilajit and their anticancer activity against HeLa cells.

In the present study, ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized using an aqueous extract of shilajit. The nanoparticles were characterized using different techniques such as UV (ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared), XRD (X-ray diffraction), particle size analysis, SEM (scanning electron microscope) and EDAX (Energy-dispersive X-ray) analysis. The UV absorption peak at 422.

In-silico Design, ADMET Screening, Prime MM-GBSA Binding Free Energy Calculation and MD Simulation of Some Novel Phenothiazines as 5HT6R Antagonists Targeting Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia that affects neuronal function, leading to a decline in cognitive functions. Serotonin-6 (5HT6) receptors are implicated in the etiology of neurological diseases. 5HT6 receptor antagonists act as anti-dementia agents.

A Critical Review on Therapeutic Potential of Benzimidazole Derivatives: A Privileged Scaffold.

Benzimidazole nucleus is a predominant heterocycle displaying a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. The privileged nature of the benzimidazole scaffold has been revealed by its presence in most small molecule drugs and in its ability to bind multiple receptors with high affinity. A literature review of the scaffold reveals several instances where structural modifications of the benzimidazole core have resulted in high-affinity lead compounds against a variety of biological targets.

Pyrazolo - Pyrimidines as Targeted Anticancer Scaffolds - A Comprehensive Review.

Background: Globally, cancer is the leading cause of death, which causes 10 million deaths yearly. Clinically, several drugs are used in treatment but due to drug resistance and multidrug resistance, there occurs a failure in the cancer treatment.

Objectives: The present review article is a comprehensive review of pyrazole and pyrimidine hybrids as potential anticancer agents.

Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Tacrine Derivatives as Multi-target ANTI-Alzheimer's Agents In Rat Models.

Background: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which no curative drugs are available and treatment available is just palliative.

Objectives: Current research focused on design of Tacrine-Flavone hybrids as multitargeted cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors.

Methods: A total of 10 Tacrine- Flavone hybrids were designed, synthesized and characterized.

A Unique Perspective on Lead Compounds for Dementia with the Lewy Body.

Dementia with Lewy Bodies is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by abnormal α-Synuclein aggregate accumulation in Lewy Bodies and Lewy Neurites and the most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. The presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) regulates synaptic vesicle trafficking and the subsequent release of neurotransmitters in the brain. These aggregates go through a number of crucial stages, such as aggregation, oligomerization, and fibrillation.

Formulation Development of Modafinil Sprinkle Dosage Form: Study on the Effect of Food on Dosage.

Sprinkles, drug-containing pellets or granules that can be mixed with soft food before administration, may be administered either directly in the mouth, or mixed with a spoonful of cold or room temperature soft foods. In this study, attempts were made to develop a new oral sprinkle formulation for modafinil in granular form. In order to increase the oral bioavailability and taste masking to food taken along with the drug, modafinil-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complexes were prepared and evaluated.

Microneedle mediated transdermal delivery of β-sitosterol loaded nanostructured lipid nanoparticles for androgenic alopecia.

Plant-derived 5 α-reductase inhibitors, such as β-sitosterol and phytosterol glycosides, have been used to treat androgenic alopecia, but their oral absolute bioavailability is poor. This study aimed to develop a transdermal drug delivery system of β-sitosterol (BS) using a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) incorporated into polymeric microneedles (MN). Using a high-speed homogenization method, NLC was formulated variables were optimized by Box-Behnken statistical design.

Retention behaviour of analytes in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-A review.

The understanding of principles that drive the separation in reversed-phase chromatography plays an important role in the prediction of the elution of solutes in RP-HPLC. The separation in RP-HPLC is based on the principle of adsorption and partition. In addition, the logP value, the pK value of the drug and chromatographic parameters like mobile phase pH, buffer concentration, organic modifier and mobile phase additives also influence the retention and selectivity of the analyte.

Design Synthesis and Evaluation of Tacrine-flavone Hybrids as Multifunctional Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. The multifactorial etiology of AD has led to the design of multitarget directed ligands (MTDL) for AD. Tacrine an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor was the first FDA approved drug for AD but is discontinued due to hepatotoxicity.

Structure-Activity Relationships of Pyrimidine Derivatives and their Biological Activity - A Review.

Background: Heterocycles play a major role in many fields of biochemical and physiological such as amino acids, DNA bases, vitamins, endogenous neurotransmitters, etc. Nitrogencontaining heterocyclic compounds play a vital role in medicinal chemistry and exhibit notable biological and pharmacological activities. In the past two decades, scientists focused more on the diverse biological activities of pyrimidine derivatives.

Estimation of minoxidil in human plasma using UHPLC-MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetic study.

Measurement of drug concentration in biological matrices (such as serum, plasma, blood, urine, and saliva) is important to determine Bioavailability (BA) and/or Bioequivalence (BE) of a drug product which are required during the drug product development and approval process to support applications for new active substances (INDs, NDAs) and generic (ANDAs) drug products to make critical decisions on safety and efficacy. Because of their vital role, bioanalytical methods should be well-characterized, fully validated and documented to yield reliable results. In present work, a simple, specific, high throughput, accurate and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for quantification of Minoxidil in human plasma.

Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitor Molecules with Therapeutic Potential for Alzheimer's Disease.

Acetylcholinesterase (AchE), hydrolase enzyme, regulates the hydrolysis of acetylcholine neurotransmitter in the neurons. AchE is found majorly in the central nervous system at the site of cholinergic neurotransmission. It is involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's diseasecausing dementia, cognitive impairment, behavioral and psychological symptoms.

Multitarget Directed Ligand Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease, and a drug which targets a single protein would not provide a cure for this disease. Currently available drugs for AD are all palliative rather than curative. FDA approved only five drugs for the treatment of AD, which include tacrine, donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine.

A Comprehensive Review on DNA Gyrase Inhibitors.

The newly emerging infectious organisms, the global crisis in antibiotic resistance, and the threat of bioterrorism create an urgent need to discover novel antimicrobial agents. In order to develop novel antimicrobial agents, the mechanism of infectious disease must be better understood. DNA Gyrase is a bacterial enzyme that plays an important role in the replication of DNA and transcription process.

Optimization of Thiolated Chitosan Nanoparticles for the Enhancement of in Vivo Hypoglycemic Efficacy of Sitagliptin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Sitagliptin (SGN) is an antidiabetic drug used for treatment of diabetes mellitus type II. The objectives of this study were to formulate SGN in form of thiolated chitosan (TC) nanoparticles to enhance the mucoadhesion properties of SGN to the gastrointestinal tract, prolong drug release, decrease side effects, and enhance patient compliance. Seventeen batches of SGN-TC nanoparticles were designed by Box-Behnken design and prepared using the ionic gelation method using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinking agent.

A Review of Different Analytical Techniques for Fexofenadine Hydrochloride and Montelukast Sodium in Different Matrices.

Fexofenadine hydrochloride is an antihistamine agent used for the treatment of allergic disorders like rhinitis. It is a second generation antihistamine. Montelukast sodium is an anti-asthmatic agent and leukotriene receptor antagonist used in the treatment of respiratory disorders.

Chitosan-telmisartan polymeric cocrystals for improving oral absorption: In vitro and in vivo evaluation.

This study describes the development of polymeric cocrystals of chitosan-telmisartan (TEL) to improve the oral bioavailability of TEL, which has poor oral solubility and bioavailability. The polymeric cocrystal was prepared using chitosan a biopolymer with the aid of sodium citrate as a salting-out agent. The cocrystals were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimeteri (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD).

2D QSAR Analysis of Substituted Quinoxalines for their Antitubercular and Antileptospiral Activities.

Background: The Quantitative structure activity relationship for thirty two novel substituted quinoxalines was performed for their antitubercular (Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv) and antileptospiral (Leptospirainterrogans) activities. The quinoxalines were substituted with azetidinones, thiazolidinones and fluoroquinolones. Several compounds exhibited good activity against both the infections and they all possess fluoroquinolone moiety with the quinoxaline.

Capecitabine encapsulated chitosan succinate-sodium alginate macromolecular complex beads for colon cancer targeted delivery: in vitro evaluation.

The present study aims to investigate the efficacy of the novel biopolymeric complex multiparticulate system consisting of chitosan succinate and alginate for the capecitabine-targeted delivery to colon cancer. A Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the CS-SA beads by considering the effect of three factors: CS (A;X), CaCl (B;X), and SA (C;X), on the response variables Y (EE), Y (Size), and Y (Release). The results of response surface plots allowed an optimized bead to be identified with high drug EE and maximum drug release at colon.