Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration, genetic risk, and the incidence of Alzheimer's disease: A prospective study of 261,933 participants.

Background: We investigated whether plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels, a genetic risk score for Alzheimer's disease, and their interaction are associated with incident Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: Using data from the UK Biobank-a population-based cohort study of adults aged 40-69 years, we assessed associations between baseline plasma β-hydroxybutyrate level, genetic risk score for Alzheimer's disease, and incident Alzheimer's disease. Incident Alzheimer's disease data were collected through linked data from hospital admissions and death registries.

A Pilot Trial of Nicotinamide Riboside and Coenzyme Q10 on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Background: Mitochondria-driven oxidative/redox stress and inflammation play a major role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) pathophysiology. Compounds targeting mitochondrial metabolism may improve mitochondrial function, inflammation, and redox stress; however, there is limited evidence of their efficacy in CKD.

Methods: We conducted a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial comparing the effects of 1200 mg/day of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or 1000 mg/day of nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation to placebo in 25 people with moderate-to-severe CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <60mL/min/1.

Mitochondrial respiratory complex III sustains IL-10 production in activated macrophages and promotes tumor-mediated immune evasion.

The cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) limits the immune response and promotes resolution of acute inflammation. Because of its immunosuppressive effects, IL-10 up-regulation is a common feature of tumor progression and metastasis. Recently, IL-10 regulation has been shown to depend on mitochondria and redox-sensitive signals.

Commentary: Why do many cell biology papers contain fundamental bioenergetic errors?

To professional bioenergeticists, the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints on mitochondrial function are self-evident. It is therefore profoundly concerning that high-profile cell biology papers continue to appear containing fundamental bioenergetic errors that appear to have evaded the scrutiny of the principal investigator, co-authors, editors and, apparently, at least some of the referees. The problem is not new, and seems to stem from a perception that bioenergetics is a 'difficult' subject, both at undergraduate level, if it is taught in any depth, and in research, where cell biologists are faced with biophysical concepts such as protonmotive force, ion flux, redox potential and Gibbs free energy.

Substrate stiffness dictates unique doxorubicin-induced senescence-associated secretory phenotypes and transcriptomic signatures in human pulmonary fibroblasts.

Cells are subjected to dynamic mechanical environments which impart forces and induce cellular responses. In age-related conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, there is both an increase in tissue stiffness and an accumulation of senescent cells. While senescent cells produce a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), the impact of physical stimuli on both cellular senescence and the SASP is not well understood.

Artificial enforcement of the unfolded protein response (UPR) reduces disease features in multiple preclinical models of ALS/FTD.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) are part of a spectrum of diseases that share several causative genes, resulting in a combinatory of motor and cognitive symptoms and abnormal protein aggregation. Multiple unbiased studies have revealed that proteostasis impairment at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a transversal pathogenic feature of ALS/FTD. The transcription factor XBP1s is a master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR), the main adaptive pathway to cope with ER stress.

Sirtuin-5 Is Recruited to Hepatic Peroxisomes in Mice Fed Dodecanedioic Acid but Has Little Impact on the Peroxisomal Succinylome.

Lysine succinylation, and its reversal by sirtuin-5 (SIRT5), is known to modulate mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). We recently showed that feeding mice dodecanedioic acid, a 12-carbon dicarboxylic acid (DC) that can be chain-shortened four rounds to succinyl-CoA, drives high-level protein hypersuccinylation in the peroxisome, particularly on peroxisomal FAO enzymes. However, the ability of SIRT5 to reverse DC-induced peroxisomal succinylation, or to regulate peroxisomal FAO in this context, remained unexplored.

Classification of non-TCGA cancer samples to TCGA molecular subtypes using compact feature sets.

Molecular subtypes, such as defined by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), delineate a cancer's underlying biology, bringing hope to inform a patient's prognosis and treatment plan. However, most approaches used in the discovery of subtypes are not suitable for assigning subtype labels to new cancer specimens from other studies or clinical trials. Here, we address this barrier by applying five different machine learning approaches to multi-omic data from 8,791 TCGA tumor samples comprising 106 subtypes from 26 different cancer cohorts to build models based upon small numbers of features that can classify new samples into previously defined TCGA molecular subtypes-a step toward molecular subtype application in the clinic.

Ketogenic Diet Reduces Age-Induced Chronic Neuroinflammation in Mice.

The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is an acidic energy metabolite that is synthesized during periods of fasting or exercise. Our previous study demonstrated that an every other week cyclic ketogenic diet (Cyclic KD), which induces blood BHB levels similar to those observed during fasting, reduces midlife mortality and improves memory in aging mice. In addition to its canonical role as an energy metabolite, BHB regulates gene expression and inflammatory activation through non-energetic signaling pathways.

Differential long-term tamoxifen therapy benefit by menopausal status in breast cancer patients: secondary analysis of a controlled randomized clinical trial.

Background: Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients have a long-term risk of distant metastatic disease, and premenopausal patients have a higher risk. Randomized studies with long-term follow-up are essential to understand treatment benefit. We elucidated the long-term tamoxifen therapy benefit by menopausal status in the Stockholm tamoxifen trials with 20 years complete follow-up.

Hallmarks of female reproductive aging in physiologic aging mice.

The female reproductive axis is one of the first organ systems to age, which has consequences for fertility and overall health. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the biological process of female reproductive aging across reproductive organs, tissues and cells based on research with widely used physiologic aging mouse models, and describe the mechanisms that underpin these phenotypes. Overall, aging is associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, perturbations of the ovarian stroma, reduced egg quantity and quality, and altered uterine morphology and function that contributes to reduced capacity for fertilization and impaired embryo development.

Utilizing AI for the Identification and Validation of Novel Therapeutic Targets and Repurposed Drugs for Endometriosis.

Endometriosis affects over 190 million women globally, and effective therapies are urgently needed to address the burden of endometriosis on women's health. Using an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven target discovery platform, two unreported therapeutic targets, guanylate-binding protein 2 (GBP2) and hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) are identified, along with a drug repurposing target, integrin beta 2 (ITGB2) for the treatment of endometriosis. GBP2, HCK, and ITGB2 are upregulated in human endometriotic specimens.

Distinct roles of ascorbic acid in extracellular vesicles and free form: Implications for metabolism and oxidative stress in presymptomatic Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the first exon of the huntingtin gene. The huntingtin protein (Htt) is ubiquitously expressed and localized in several organelles, including endosomes, where it plays an essential role in intracellular trafficking. Presymptomatic HD is associated with a failure in energy metabolism and oxidative stress.

Exogenous expression of ATP8, a mitochondrial encoded protein, from the nucleus .

Replicative errors, inefficient repair, and proximity to sites of reactive oxygen species production make mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) susceptible to damage with time. We explore allotopic expression (re-engineering mitochondrial genes and expressing them from the nucleus) as an approach to rescue defects arising from mtDNA mutations. We used a mouse strain C57BL/6J(mtFVB) with a natural polymorphism (m.

Integration of lipidomics with targeted, single cell, and spatial transcriptomics defines an unresolved pro-inflammatory state in colon cancer.

Background: Over a century ago, Virchow proposed that cancer represents a chronically inflamed, poorly healing wound. Normal wound healing is represented by a transitory phase of inflammation, followed by a pro-resolution phase, with prostaglandin (PGE2/PGD2)-induced 'lipid class switching' producing inflammation-quenching lipoxins (LXA4, LXB4).

Objective: We explored if lipid dysregulation in colorectal cancers (CRCs) is driven by a failure to resolve inflammation.

β-hydroxybutyrate is a metabolic regulator of proteostasis in the aged and Alzheimer disease brain.

Loss of proteostasis is a hallmark of aging and Alzheimer disease (AD). We identify β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), a ketone body, as a regulator of protein solubility. βHB primarily provides ATP substrate during periods of reduced glucose availability, and regulates other cellular processes through protein interactions.

The role of autoantibodies in bridging obesity, aging, and immunosenescence.

Antibodies are essential to immune homeostasis due to their roles in neutralizing pathogenic agents. However, failures in central and peripheral checkpoints that eliminate autoreactive B cells can undermine self-tolerance and generate autoantibodies that mistakenly target self-antigens, leading to inflammation and autoimmune diseases. While autoantibodies are well-studied in autoimmune and in some communicable diseases, their roles in chronic conditions, such as obesity and aging, are less understood.

Substrate Stiffness Dictates Unique Doxorubicin-induced Senescence-associated Secretory Phenotypes and Transcriptomic Signatures in Human Pulmonary Fibroblasts.

Cells are subjected to dynamic mechanical environments which impart forces and induce cellular responses. In age-related conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, there is both an increase in tissue stiffness and an accumulation of senescent cells. While senescent cells produce a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), the impact of physical stimuli on both cellular senescence and the SASP is not well understood.

Molecular and genetic insights into human ovarian aging from single-nuclei multi-omics analyses.

The ovary is the first organ to age in the human body, affecting both fertility and overall health. However, the biological mechanisms underlying human ovarian aging remain poorly understood. Here we present a comprehensive single-nuclei multi-omics atlas of four young (ages 23-29 years) and four reproductively aged (ages 49-54 years) human ovaries.

Multi-Omic characterization of the effects of Ocrelizumab in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

The study examined changes in the plasma proteome, metabolome, and lipidome of N = 14 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) initiating treatment with ocrelizumab, assayed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Analyses of >4000 circulating biomarkers identified depletion of B-cell associated proteins as the early effect observed following ocrelizumab (OCR) initiation, accompanied by the reduction in plasma abundance of cytokines and cytotoxic proteins, markers of neuronaxonal damage, and biologically active lipids including ceramides and lysophospholipids, at 6 months. B-cell depletion was accompanied by decreases in B-cell receptor and cytokine signaling but a pronounced increase in circulating plasma B-cell activating factor (BAFF).