Computer-based HIV adherence promotion interventions: a systematic review: Translation Behavioral Medicine.

Researchers have instituted a range of methodologies to increase access to HIV adherence interventions. This article reviews studies published through January 2014 utilizing computer-based delivery of such interventions to persons living with HIV. A systematic review of five databases identified ten studies (three RCTs, three pilot studies, three feasibility studies, and one single-group trial) that met the inclusion criteria.

Total Survivin and acetylated Survivin correlate with distinct molecular subtypes of breast cancer.

Global gene expression profiling studies led to the recent classification of breast cancer into 4 distinct molecular subtypes including luminal, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 enriched, basal like, and unclassified. Here, we used immunohistochemistry to evaluate expression of the antiapoptotic protein Survivin and its recently described acetylated form, Survivin acetyl129, in normal breast tissue and in 226 primary breast tumors of different molecular subtypes. Correlation of Survivin expression with molecular markers and its impact on patient outcomes were analyzed.

A latent class typology of young women smokers.

Aims: Despite aggressive anti-smoking campaigns, smoking rates are increasing among young women, suggesting the need for new approaches to reach this population. Segmenting audiences can facilitate targeting interventions to specific populations, based on association of smoking behaviors with other health behaviors and psychological and social antecedents. Using latent class analysis, we sought to profile patterns of behavioral, attitudinal and cognitive variables related to tobacco use among young women.

Duration of nonmethadone outpatient treatment: results from a national survey.

Objectives: This study examined organizational trends from 1990 to 2000 and unit characteristics associated with the duration of nonmethadone outpatient addiction treatment.

Methods: Program directors and clinical supervisors from a nationally representative panel of nonmethadone outpatient units in the United States were surveyed in 1990, 1995, and 2000. Treatment duration was measured from clinical supervisors' reports of the average length of stay.

Realistic expectations and a disease management model for depressed patients with persistent symptoms.

Objective: To describe the efficacy of currently available treatments for depression in achieving remission and to highlight additional strategies for those patients who continue to experience persistent depressive symptoms in spite of optimal treatment.

Data Sources: The authors reviewed the literature (electronic and hand searches) on the efficacy of current pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic antidepressant treatments and the utility of a chronic disease management model. A search of PubMed was conducted for English-language articles published from 1980 to 2005 using the keywords depression treatments, outcome, course of illness, and treatment resistant depression.

Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box 3 (ASB3) mediates ubiquitination and degradation of tumor necrosis factor receptor II.

Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box (ASB) family members have a C-terminal SOCS box and an N-terminal ankyrin-related sequence of variable repeats belonging to the SOCS superfamily. While SH2-domain-bearing SOCS proteins are mainly involved in the negative feedback regulation of the protein tyrosine kinase-STAT pathway in response to a variety of cytokines, the roles of ASB family members remain largely unknown. To investigate ASB functions, we screened for ASB3-interacting factors by using antibody array technology and identified tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNF-R2) as an ASB3 binding target.

The effect of matching comprehensive services to patients' needs on drug use improvement in addiction treatment.

Aims: To examine whether need-service matching in addiction treatment leads to improvements in drug use, and whether treatment duration mediates those improvements.

Design, Participants, Measurements: This analysis utilizes prospective data from a US cohort of addiction treatment patients who reported service needs beyond core rehabilitative services (n = 3103). 'Drug use improvement' is the difference between the patient's peak drug use frequency (in days per month) in the year before intake and in the year after treatment.

Inhibition of Fas/Fas ligand signaling improves septic survival: differential effects on macrophage apoptotic and functional capacity.

Signaling through the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway plays a central role in immune-cell response and function; however, under certain pathological conditions such as sepsis, it may contribute to the animal's or patient's morbidity and mortality. To determine the contribution of FasL to mortality, we conducted survival studies by blocking Fas/FasL with Fas receptor fusion protein (FasFP) in vivo. C3H/HeN mice received FasFP or the saline vehicle (veh) immediately (0 h) or delayed (12 h), after sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).

Mechanisms of immune resolution.

Initially after injury, the innate/proinflammatory and some aspects of the acquired immune response are up-regulated to maintain a defense against foreign pathogens, clear tissue debris present at the wound site, and orchestrate aspects of tissue remodeling, cell proliferation and angiogenic process, associated with the wound response. However, for proper wound healing to progress, this initial inflammatory response has to be regulated or shut down so as to allow for the reestablishment of matrix, recellularization, and tissue remodeling. Inability to properly resolve the extent of innate/acquired response at a site of injury can lead to poor wound healing, immune suppression, and recurrent infectious episodes.

Treatment of sleep disturbance in alcohol recovery: a national survey of addiction medicine physicians.

Sleep disturbance is common among patients in recovery from alcoholism and can precipitate relapse. Though sleep complaints are commonly managed with medication, little is known about their management among recovering alcoholic patients. We performed a postal survey of a self-weighted, random systematic sample of 503 members of the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) to examine addiction medicine physicians' medical management of sleep disturbance among patients in early recovery from alcoholism.

MR arthrography of the posterior labrocapsular complex: relationship with glenohumeral joint alignment and clinical posterior instability.

Objective: The purpose of our study was to investigate the relationship between tears of the posterior labrocapsular complex and glenohumeral alignment on MR arthrography and the presence and extent of posterior labrocapsular tears in patients with posterior instability.

Materials And Methods: Posterior labrocapsular tears identified on 24 MR arthrograms and surgically confirmed were evaluated for length of tear and labrocapsular avulsion. These examinations and a comparison cohort of 70 normal MR arthrograms with normal findings were also evaluated for humeral head position relative to the glenoid fossa.

Effect of primary medical care on addiction and medical severity in substance abuse treatment programs.

Objective: To examine whether the availability of primary medical care on-site at addiction treatment programs or off-site by referral improves patients' addiction severity and medical outcomes, compared to programs that offer no primary care.

Design: Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of patients admitted to a purposive national sample of substance abuse treatment programs.

Setting: Substance abuse treatment programs in major U.

Fas-Ligand Mediated Apoptosis in Severe Sepsis and Shock.

Alterations in the apoptotic process in lymphoid tissues is a common condition which is encountered in the severely septic animal and critically ill patient. Here we attempt to delineate the pathological significance of these apoptotic changes and the role of Fas-FasL mediated contribution to this process.

Shock-induced neutrophil mediated priming for acute lung injury in mice: divergent effects of TLR-4 and TLR-4/FasL deficiency.

Acute lung injury (ALI) leading to respiratory distress is a common sequela of shock/trauma, however, modeling this process in mice with a single shock or septic event is inconsistent. One explanation is that hemorrhage is often just a "priming insult," thus, secondary stimuli may be required to "trigger" ALI. To test this we carried out studies in which we assessed the capacity of hemorrhage alone or hemorrhage followed by septic challenge (CLP) to induce ALI.

Weight-bearing alters the expression of collagen types I and II, BMP 2/4 and osteocalcin in the early stages of distraction osteogenesis.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of loading on the biology of newly forming bone during limb lengthening. Unilateral 2.0 mm femoral lengthenings were performed in 20 male Sprague Dawley rats.

Cyclooxygenase-2-mediated regulation of Kupffer cell interleukin-6 production following trauma-hemorrhage and subsequent sepsis.

Studies indicate that trauma-hemorrhage results in activation of Kupffer cells to release inflammatory mediators and it leads to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to subsequent sepsis. The cyclooxygenase (COX) product prostaglandin (PG) E2 appears to be central to this process, however, non-selective inhibition of COX activity with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents that block both the constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) isoforms of cyclooxygenase has not yielded promising results in trauma patients. Nonetheless, it remains unknown whether selective inhibition of COX-2 activity has any salutary effect following trauma-hemorrhage and subsequent induction of sepsis.

17 beta-Estradiol normalizes immune responses in ovariectomized females after trauma-hemorrhage.

Recent studies indicate that immune responses in proestrus females are maintained after trauma-hemorrhage but markedly depressed in ovariectomized females under such conditions. The current study tested the hypothesis that the decreased estrogen levels after ovariectomy are responsible for this immune depression. To study this hypothesis, ovariectomized female CBA/J mice were subjected to laparotomy (i.

Inhibition of Fas signaling prevents hepatic injury and improves organ blood flow during sepsis.

Background: Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system is one of the major pathways triggering apoptosis that has been shown to play an important role in development and pathogenesis of various diseases including liver and gastrointestinal diseases. Studies indicate that FasL deficiency provides a survival advantage in mice subjected to polymicrobial sepsis. However, the extent to which Fas/FasL contributes to organ injury during sepsis is unclear.

MAPK p38 antagonism as a novel method of inhibiting lymphoid immune suppression in polymicrobial sepsis.

Although studies indicate that a shift from a Th1 to a Th2 response contributes to a marked suppression of cell-mediated immunity during sepsis, the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Given that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 plays a critical role in the activation and function of immune cells, the aim of this study was to determine the contribution of MAPK p38 activation to the immune dysfunction seen in polymicrobial sepsis. To study this, polymicrobial sepsis was induced in C3H/HeN male mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).

Subscapularis tendon tear: primary and associated signs on MRI.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to investigate signs of subscapularis tendon tear on MRI.

Method: Preoperative written interpretations of high field (n = 9) and low field (n = 7) MRI of 16 patients with tears confirmed at surgery or arthroscopy were reviewed, followed by retrospective review of these studies.

Results: A preoperative diagnosis of subscapularis tear was made in five (31%) cases.

Retinoid chemoprevention in patients at high risk for skin cancer.

Patients who develop large numbers of skin cancers suffer increased morbidity and mortality. A high skin cancer risk can result from inherited disorders such as xeroderma pigmentosum (abnormal repair of UV-induced DNA damage) or the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (tumor suppressor gene abnormality). The efficacy of systemic retinoid skin cancer chemoprevention was first demonstrated in these disorders.

Bone-retinaculum-bone reconstruction of scapholunate ligament injuries.

This article describes the indications for the use of a bone-retinaculum-bone autograft in soft tissue reconstruction of the torn scapholunate ligament. Specific surgical technique and postoperative management are highlighted. Initial results of a primary cohort of patients undergoing this technique are described.

IL-10 mediation of activation-induced TH1 cell apoptosis and lymphoid dysfunction in polymicrobial sepsis.

Recent studies suggest that increased activation-induced lymphocyte apoptosis (AICD) is detected in mouse splenocytes during polymicrobial sepsis which may contribute to lymphocyte immune dysfunction [i.e., decreased interleukin (IL-)2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production] leading to the associated morbidity seen in those animals.

New technologies to prevent intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infections.

Most intravascular catheter-related infections are associated with central venous catheters. Technologic advances shown to reduce the risk for these infections include a catheter hub containing an iodinated alcohol solution, short-term chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine- impregnated catheters, minocycline-rifampin-impregnated catheters, and chlorhexidine- impregnated sponge dressings. Nontechnologic strategies for reducing risk include maximal barrier precautions during catheter insertion, specialized nursing teams, continuing quality improvement programs, and tunneling of short-term internal jugular catheters.