Ideal female brow aesthetics.

The concept of the ideal female eyebrow has changed over time. Modern studies examining youthful brow aesthetics are reviewed. An analysis of ideal female brow characteristics as depicted in the Western print media between 1945 and 2011 was performed.

Technical considerations in endoscopic brow lift.

The authors discuss how, in performing an endoscopic brow lift, meticulous surgical technique, adherence to anatomic dissection planes, and direct visualization used at key points in the procedure enable a safer, more-complete dissection and a better outcome. Anatomy as it relates to the procedure is discussed. Patient evaluation and patient expectations are reviewed with a discussion of the points to present to patients about outcomes of this surgery.

The varied options in brow lifting.

Numerous options in brow lifting exist that can be broadly categorized as open and minimally invasive or endoscopic. Proper patient evaluation, procedural goals, and surgeon preference all play into procedure choice. There are common desirable traits of the esthetic brow.

[Endoscopic brow lift].

Endoscopic surgical techniques have greatly increased in popularity with the advent of modern endoscopes. Endoscopic brow lifting has largely replaced older, more invasive procedures. With this technique a skilled surgeon can identify and treat a ptotic eyebrow by addressing the relevant anatomy, including the frontalis, corrugator, procerus and orbicularis oculi muscles.

Endoscopic management of the difficult lower eyelid: a review of 300 cases.

Background: The senior author's (H.S.B.

Comparison of the transpalpebral and endoscopic approaches in resection of the corrugator supercilii muscle.

Background: Corrugator resection is an integral part of periorbital rejuvenation and can be accomplished through the open coronal, endoscopic, or transpalpebral technique. While most authors concur about the importance of corrugator resection during brow lift surgery, considerable debate remains regarding the efficacy and technical ease of muscle resection with these approaches.

Objectives: The authors conducted a cadaver study to compare the completeness of resection of the corrugator muscle with the transpalpebral and endoscopic techniques.

Endoscopic forehead lift in patients with male pattern baldness.

Purpose: The presence of male pattern baldness poses a significant challenge when attempting to optimize treatment of the upper third of the face. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate and discuss results of the endoscopic forehead lift in patients with male pattern baldness.

Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective case series done in an academic medical center.

Brow lift in facial rejuvenation: a systematic literature review of open versus endoscopic techniques.

Background: Currently, there are many well-described surgical approaches to address brow aesthetics (i.e., open versus endoscopic versus combination techniques).

A novel technique for repositioning lower eyelid fat via the transoral approach in association with midface lift.

Background: Orbital fat repositioning in association with subperiosteal midface elevation has been variably described via both the transconjunctival and skin muscle flap approaches. Poor visualization, middle and posterior lamellar cicatricial fibrosis, technical difficulty, and incomplete release are disadvantages commonly ascribed to the transconjunctival approach. Lower eyelid malposition and retraction also are commonly seen in association with skin muscle flap approaches.

Eliminating frown lines with an endoscopic forehead lift procedure (corrugator muscle disinsertion).

Background: In certain cases of endoscopic forehead lift without muscle resection, patients were incidentally noted to develop weakness or loss of their ability to frown during the postoperative period despite intact musculature. This finding suggested the possibility of decreasing frown strength using the disinsertion of the relevant muscles. This finding persuaded the authors to try to eliminate or decrease the sensory problems resulting from open or endoscopic frowning muscle resection by disinserting these muscles.

Forehead lifting: state of the art.

Forehead lifting serves to restore a more youthful appearance as well as a more functional and aesthetically pleasing brow position. The purpose of this review is to describe the pertinent anatomy and forehead aesthetics, then to discuss the patient evaluation, surgical approaches, complications, and nonsurgical adjuncts. Anatomic features reviewed include the layers of the forehead and scalp, blood supply, innervation, musculature, and the temporal branch of the facial nerve anatomy.

Transblepharoplasty brow suspension with a biodegradable fixation device.

Background: Brow droop, eyelid tissue excess, and hyperfunction of the muscles of forehead facial expression may contribute to the aging diathesis of the upper one-third of the face. Many approaches to the brow have been described, including coronal or pretricheal incisions, direct incision of the suprabrow or forehead, and endoscopic techniques. A less frequent technique, the transblepharoplasty browlift (TBBL), has a role in rejuvenating brow position, especially in patients in whom both the eyelids and brows need to be addressed.

Subcutaneous temporal browlift under local anesthesia: a useful technique for periorbital rejuvenation.

Background: Various techniques have been described for periorbital rejuvenation and correction of the ptotic brow, including the coronal brow lift, the endoscopic brow lift, anterior hairline foreheadplasty in the subgaleal, subperiosteal, or subcutaneous planes, and the subcutaneous temporal brow lift.

Objectives: The authors present results from a series of 28 patients treated with subcutaneous temporal brow lift over nearly four years.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 28 patients who were treated with subcutaneous temporal brow lift by the senior author (JDF) between July 2003 and January 2007.

Forehead and scalp sensation after brow-lift: a comparison between open and endoscopic techniques.

Objective: To compare postoperative forehead and scalp sensation for the "open" brow-lift (OBL) (coronal and trichophytic) with that of the endoscopic brow-lift (EBL).

Methods: A controlled outcome evaluation study was designed to objectively (mechanoceptive and thermoceptive) and subjectively (visual analog scale) test forehead and scalp sensation in a group of patients having undergone or scheduled to undergo either OBL or EBL in a single, private facial plastic surgery clinic. Prospectively enrolled participants were tested at defined intervals (A, preoperation; B,1-2 weeks after; C, 4-6 weeks after; D, 12-14 weeks after; and E, 24-26 weeks after).

Management of the midface during facial rejuvenation.

The endoscopic midface lift procedure has evolved from experience with postreduction soft tissue repair after facial fracture fixation. The procedure elevates and repositions midface soft tissue, which descends with facial aging; as well, it can correct periorbital congenital abnormalities, such as exorbitism and lateral canthal displacement. The procedure has been refined by the senior author to employ a temporal endoscopic approach alleviating the need for a lower eyelid incision.

Eyebrow peak position redefined.

Background: The aesthetically appealing eyebrow shape has been defined by its arch, located near the junction between the medial two-thirds and lateral one-third. The position of this arch has been historically described by arbitrary anatomical landmarks that have no logical structural relationship. Moreover, selection of endoscopic brow lift incision sites that define vector of pull and fixation points have been variably described.

Blepharoplasty and brow lift.

Brow lift and blepharoplasty are among the most commonly requested procedures in facial aesthetic surgery. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of current concepts, including goals, surgical options, and outcomes for aesthetic improvement of the forehead and periorbital region. Preoperative patient assessment, anatomical and surgical concepts, advantages and disadvantages, and prevention and management of complications and expected results are discussed.

Endoscopic forehead and brow-lift.

The endoscopic method of rejuvenating the brow-forehead complex has evolved into the procedure of choice for many aesthetic surgeons. Safe and reliable application of the endoscopic technique depends on several important factors. These include technical expertise with the endoscopic equipment, understanding of the surgical goals in patients seeking rejuvenation in the forehead region, and detailed comprehension of the steps involved in altering forehead anatomy during endoscopic lifting.

Brow ptosis correction: a comparison of five techniques.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of five surgical techniques for brow ptosis repair including internal brow release (IBR), internal brow release with brow pexy (IBR + BP), internal brow release with corrugator and depressor supercilii removal (IBR + CDR), direct brow-lift (DB), and endoscopic brow-lift (EB). This is a retrospective study of 120 patients in which the preoperative and postoperative position of the medial, central, and lateral brow on both sides was measured. The brow was elevated 1.

Lateral brow lift: how do I do it?

The lateral brow generally becomes ptotic earlier than the medial brow, and many techniques have been described to raise it. We describe a simple technique, which does not require expensive equipment such as an endoscope or fixation devices and reduces the risks that arise from large incisions and extensive dissection.

Endoscopic brow-lift in the male patient.

Objective: To report our experience with the endoscopic brow-lift in male patients at a university-affiliated outpatient surgery center.

Methods: Retrospective case series.

Results: From 1995 to 2007, a total of 244 endoscopic brow-lift procedures were performed, 21 of which involved men.

Anatomic concepts for brow lift procedures.

Background: Brow lifting became a component of the facialplasty procedure 45 years ago, and the original brow-lifting technique incorporating a coronal incision approach is still practiced by many surgeons today. Over the past 15 years, however, the endoscope-assisted procedure and the limited incision, nonendoscopic techniques have evolved as alternate procedures for brow lifting. The level of artistry in performing any brow lift technique is raised when the surgeon acquires knowledge of upper facial anatomy and integrates that knowledge into a working concept of the aging process of the upper face.

Browlift--a South East Asian experience.

Background: To describe the indications, techniques and outcomes of various browlift procedures in a predominantly East-Asian community.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective review of patients who underwent browlift procedures performed by 2 oculoplastic surgeons or under their direct supervision, in a tertiary referral hospital in South East Asia from 2002 to 2007.

Results: Forty-six patients (30 female, 16 male) had browlift surgery for 89 sides from 2002 to 2007.

Endoscopic forehead and brow lift.

Endoscopic method of rejuvenating the brow-forehead complex has evolved into the procedure of choice for many aesthetic surgeons. Safe and reliable application of the endoscopic technique depends on several important factors. These include technical expertise with the endoscopic equipment, understanding of the surgical goals in patients seeking rejuvenation in the forehead region, and detailed comprehension of the steps involved in altering forehead anatomy during endoscopic lifting.

Experience with cortical tunnel fixation in endoscopic brow lift: the "bevel and slide" modification.

Background: Endoscopic brow lift has become a popular method for rejuvenation of the upper third of the face and in the treatment of functional brow ptosis. Controversy, however, remains over the optimum technique for the fixation of the forehead and brow. This paper presents a single surgeon's experience with a technical modification to McKinney's original description of paramedian cortical tunnel fixation in patients undergoing endoscopic brow lifts.