[Forehead rejuvenation].

The goal of this article is to provide a systemic approach to forehead rejuvenation. Fillers, botulinic toxin injections, transpalpebral, endoscopic or bicoronal brow lift must be usual techniques for every plastic surgeon in overall facial rejuvenation. Achieving a long lasting and aesthetically pleasing forehead is possible only with surgical techniques when aging is obvious.

[Aging prevention, new surgical techniques and future options for facial rejuvenation].

Prevention of aging is mainly obtained through appropriate health practices, modulated by the genetic causes of aging. Causes of facial structural aging include gravity, volume loss, contraction of the mimic muscles and obviously biological aging of tissues. Among the very numerous new surgical technique of facial rejuvenation, we could point out: for the frontal region, obviously we are focus on the endoscopic and non-endoscopic frontal lifts.

[Endoscopic Browlift via Endotine Forehead Device in Patients with Facial Palsy].

 Forehead and brows form a critical aesthetic and functional subunit of the face. Chronical pPeripheral paralysis of the facial nerve or its frontal branch may cause brow ptosis and eyelid deformities with a limited field of vision and loss of facial symmetry. Techniques, especially endoscopic methods have evolved significantly.

Outcome of a graduated minimally invasive facial reanimation in patients with facial paralysis.

Peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve is the most frequent of all cranial nerve disorders. Despite advances in facial surgery, the functional and aesthetic reconstruction of a paralyzed face remains a challenge. Graduated minimally invasive facial reanimation is based on a modular principle.

An aesthetic approach in the repair of anterior frontal sinus fractures.

The management of upper facial trauma is a common responsibility of surgeons taking care of maxillofacial injuries. Historically, the most commonly used surgical approach has been the bi-temporal (coronal) incision. As is well known, the coronal incision carries some inherent complications such as hair loss, long scars, and increased length of hospital stay.

Subcutaneous lateral brow lift ("Z-lift").

Surgical eyebrow lift has been described by using many different open and endoscopic methods. Difficult techniques and only short time benefits oft lead to patients' complaints. We present a safe and simple temporal Z-incision technique for eyebrow lift in 37 patients.

Endoscopic Browlift in the Receding Hairline Patient.

Unlabelled: The upper third of the face, composed of the forehead and the brow, is a critical aesthetic subunit. Brow ptosis is a common presenting complaint for patients seeking elective improvement of their facial appearance. Browlift surgery has a long history of technique evolution, with various reported methods and refinements.

[Lifting procedures in cosmetic facial surgery].

A prominent characteristic of the aging face is the descent of skin and subcutaneous tissues. In order to reduce this and create a more youthful appearance, several lifting procedures can be employed. In the forehead and eyebrow region the transblepharoplastic brow lift, the direct brow lift, the temporal brow lift, the coronal brow lift and the endoscopic brow lift can be distinguished.

Concentric double cables fixation as an alternative suspension method for the endoscopic forehead lift.

Fixation of the elevated eyebrow is an important final step in endoscopic forehead lifting. One of the most common methods of fixation includes temporal fasciae sutures for the tail of the eyebrow, and mini-screws for the body of the eyebrow. The concentric cables fixation is an alternative method for elevation of both the tail and the body of the eyebrow.

Finesse in forehead and brow rejuvenation: modern concepts, including endoscopic methods.

Background: The brow and forehead are essential elements of the facial aesthetic architecture. Although frequently overlooked in youth, signs of facial aging are often most noticeable in the upper third of the face. Ptosis and loss of contour in the brows, along with temporal volume loss, sagging of periorbital tissue, and rhytides in the forehead, are common presenting complaints for aesthetic surgery.

Centro-lateral subperiosteal vertical midface lift.

The use of fiberendoscopic video-assisted technique in facial rejuvenation is one of the most advances in aesthetic plastic surgery of the face. It substitutes the coronal incision without the necessity of skin resection and allows a vertical reposition of the mobile soft tissue of the midface in indicated cases. It can easily be done through a small incision of the scalp just behind the coronal incision and in the temporal area.

Effect of endoscopic brow lift on contractures and synkinesis of the facial muscles in patients with a regenerated postparalytic facial nerve syndrome.

Background: Delayed recovery after facial palsy results in aberrant nerve regeneration with symptomatic movement disorders, summarized as the postparalytic facial nerve syndrome. The authors present an alternative surgical approach for improvement of periocular movement disorders in patients with postparalytic facial nerve syndrome. The authors proposed that endoscopic brow lift leads to an improvement of periocular movement disorders by reducing pathologically raised levels of afferent input.

The impact of endoscopic brow lift on eyebrow morphology, aesthetics, and longevity: objective and subjective measurements over a 5-year period.

Background: The longevity of a brow lift, its morphology, and its contribution to overall facial aesthetics have not been addressed in previous studies using both objective measurements and validated subjective aesthetic scoring systems.

Methods: Thirty-one patients with a 5.4-year follow-up after subperiosteal endoscopic brow lift were assessed by (1) objective measurements using computer software, (2) validated regional aesthetic scoring systems, and (3) global aesthetic scoring systems.

Minimal incisions vertical endoscopic lifting and fat grafting as a systematic approach to the rejuvenation of the periocular esthetic unit.

Purpose: The forehead/brow complex, the temporal region, the upper eyelid, the zygomatic area, the lower eyelid, and the cheek comprise the periocular esthetic unit. The combination of variable degrees of tissue descent and fat deflation of the component parts of the unit determine its appearance with age. The authors report the results of tissue repositioning through a minimal incisions vertical endoscopic lift and volume restoration used in combination to restore the natural youthful appearance of the periocular esthetic unit.

Patient outcomes, satisfaction, and improvement in headaches after endoscopic brow-lift.

Importance: To improve preoperative counseling for patients considering endoscopic brow-lift (EBL).

Objectives: To understand patient-reported outcomes, satisfaction, and recovery after EBL surgery to improve preoperative counseling.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A retrospective telephone survey of 57 patients who had EBL or EBL with concurrent rhytidectomy to assess cosmetic and functional outcomes using 47 questions.

Safety of cranial fixation in endoscopic brow lifts.

Introduction: The endoscopic brow lift technique relies on brow mobilization and often soft fixation to the underlying calvarium. While the endoscopic brow lift has been used safely, there are anecdotal reports of cerebrospinal fluid leak. We sought to measure calvarial thickness to improve the safety of cranial fixation.

Management of frontal sinus fracture: reconstruction of the sinus with iliac bone graft.

One-third of frontal sinus fractures are isolated to the anterior table. Accurate reduction and stable fixation are important in the treatment of frontal sinus fracture. Traditional approaches to the reduction of an isolated anterior table fracture include the coronal incision, the bilateral brow incision, an endoscopic brow lift with an incision either directly over the fracture or in the brow, and delayed repair with a camouflaging implant.

Static treatment modalities in facial paralysis: a review.

Introduction: Facial nerve dysfunction can be attributed to several different causes. Several techniques have been developed to help treat the appearance and functional limitation of patients with sequelae of facial nerve dysfunction. There are options regarding static techniques of facial nerve injury treatment that range from facial musculature plication or shortening, fascial sling suspension via allograft or autograft, injectables and implants (ENDURAGen, AlloDerm, LifeCell, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA) to techniques such as brow lift, open and endoscopic facelifts, and various eyelid surgeries with upper and lower lid procedures.

Morphometric long-term evaluation and comparison of brow position and shape after endoscopic forehead lift and transpalpebral browpexy.

Background: Although a multitude of proposed forehead rejuvenation procedures have been described, long-term and systematic morphometric evaluation is rare. There are no studies comparing endoscopic forehead lifts and transpalpebral browpexy techniques according to their efficacy in raising and reshaping the brow.

Methods: In a retrospective study, standardized photographic documentations of patients undergoing an endoscopic forehead lift or a transpalpebral browpexy were morphometrically analyzed.