Corrigendum to "Dementia diagnostic and treatment services in the Western Pacific: challenges, preparedness and opportunities in the face of amyloid-targeting therapies" [The Lancet Regional Health-Western Pacific, Volume 50, September 2024, 101183].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.

Dementia diagnostic and treatment services in the Western Pacific: challenges, preparedness and opportunities in the face of amyloid-targeting therapies.

Here we first review the limited available literature addressing the current landscape of specialist assessment services for dementia and cognitive decline and the preparedness for new amyloid-targeting therapies for Alzheimer's disease across the Western Pacific region. Considering the scarcity of literature, as national representatives of Western Pacific nations we were then guided by the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan on Dementia to provide country-specific reviews. As a whole, we highlight that the existing diverse socioeconomic and cultural landscape across the region poses unique challenges, including varying access to services and marked differences among countries in their preparedness for upcoming amyloid-targeting therapies for Alzheimer's disease.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and circadian rhythms in adolescents: a pilot study.

Although cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), an important marker of youth health, is associated with earlier sleep/wake schedule, its relationship with circadian rhythms is unclear. This study examined the associations between CRF and rhythm variables in adolescents. Eighteen healthy adolescents (10 females and 8 males;  = 14.

Region-specific changes in brain activity and memory after continuous positive airway pressure therapy in obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot high-density electroencephalography study.

Study Objectives: Limited channel electroencephalography (EEG) investigations in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have revealed deficits in slow wave activity (SWA) and spindles during sleep and increased EEG slowing during resting wakefulness. High-density EEG (Hd-EEG) has also detected local parietal deficits in SWA (delta power) during NREM. It is unclear whether effective continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment reverses regional SWA deficits, and other regional sleep and wake EEG abnormalities, and whether any recovery relates to improved overnight memory consolidation.

Overnight declarative memory consolidation and non-rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalographic oscillations in older adults with obstructive sleep apnea.

Study Objectives: To compare overnight declarative memory consolidation and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations in older adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to a control group and assess slow-wave activity (SWA) and sleep spindles as correlates of memory consolidation.

Methods: Forty-six older adults (24 without OSA and 22 with OSA) completed a word-pair associate's declarative memory task before and after polysomnography. Recall and recognition were expressed as a percentage of the morning relative to evening scores.

Schwann Cell Remyelination in the Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease. Failure to remyelinate successfully is common in MS lesions, often with consequent neuronal/axonal damage. CNS myelin is normally produced by oligodendroglial cells.

Age differences in the association between sleep and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in the EPAD cohort.

Introduction: We aimed to determine the independent association between sleep quality and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, and whether the associations differ with age.

Methods: We included 1240 individuals aged ≥50, without dementia from the v1500.0 dataset.

A systematic scoping review of the effects of central nervous system active drugs on sleep spindles and sleep-dependent memory consolidation.

Sleep spindles are key electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillatory events that occur during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Deficits in sleep spindles are present in populations with sleep and neurological disorders, and in severe mental illness. Pharmacological manipulation of these waveforms is of growing interest with therapeutic potential in targeting spindle deficits relating to memory impairment.

Soluble TREM2: Innocent bystander or active player in neurological diseases?

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor expressed by macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). TREM2 has attracted a lot of interest in the past decade for its critical role in modulating microglia functions under homeostatic conditions and in neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic variation in TREM2 is sufficient to cause Nasu-Hakola disease, a rare pre-senile dementia with bone cysts, and to increase risk for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Clinical predictors of working memory performance in obstructive sleep apnea patients before and during extended wakefulness.

Study Objectives: Extended wakefulness (EW) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) impair working memory (WM), but their combined effects are unclear. This study examined the impact of EW on WM function in OSA patients and identified clinical predictors of WM impairment.

Methods: Following polysomnography (PSG), 56 OSA patients (mean ± SD, age 49.

Brain mitochondrial dysfunction and driving simulator performance in untreated obstructive sleep apnea.

It is challenging to determine which patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have impaired driving ability. Vulnerability to this neurobehavioral impairment may be explained by lower brain metabolites levels involved in mitochondrial metabolism. This study compared markers of brain energy metabolism in OSA patients identified as vulnerable vs resistant to driving impairment following extended wakefulness.

Sleep spindle activity correlates with implicit statistical learning consolidation in untreated obstructive sleep apnea patients.

Objective/background: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between overnight consolidation of implicit statistical learning with spindle frequency EEG activity and slow frequency delta power during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Patients/methods: Forty-seven OSA participants completed the experiment. Prior to sleep, participants performed a reaction time cover task containing hidden patterns of pictures, about which participants were not informed.

Summary and Update on Behavioral Interventions for Improving Adherence with Positive Airway Pressure Treatment in Adults.

Continuous positive airway pressure (PAP) is still the most efficacious treatment for obstructive sleep apnea when used effectively. Since the availability of PAP 39 years ago there have been considerable technological advances, such as quieter, lighter and smaller machines with better humidification. However, adherence to treatment is still a major problem.

Rest-activity functioning is related to white matter microarchitecture and modifiable risk factors in older adults at-risk for dementia.

Study Objectives: Growing evidence demonstrates pronounced alterations in rest-activity functioning in older adults at-risk for dementia. White matter degeneration, poor cardiometabolic functioning, and depression have also been linked to a greater risk of decline; however, limited studies have examined the white matter in relation to rest-activity functioning in at-risk older adults.

Methods: We investigated associations between nonparametric actigraphy measures and white matter microarchitecture using whole-brain fixel-based analysis of diffusion-weighted imaging in older adults (aged 50 years or older) at-risk for cognitive decline and dementia.

Sleep-disordered breathing in severe mental illness: clinical evaluation of oximetry diagnosis and management limitations.

Background: To describe the diagnosis and management pathway of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in a sample of patients with severe mental illness (SMI), and to assess the feasibility and patient acceptability of overnight oximetry as a first-step screening method for detecting severe SDB in this population.

Methods: The study was a retrospective audit of patients with SMI seen at a Collaborative Centre for Cardiometabolic Health in Psychosis service who were invited for overnight oximetry between November 2015 and May 2018. The adjusted oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was calculated using 4% desaturation criteria.

Sleep EEG microstructure is associated with neurobehavioural impairment after extended wakefulness in obstructive sleep apnea.

Purpose: Using quantitative EEG (qEEG) analysis, we investigated sleep EEG microstructure as correlates of neurobehavioural performance after 24 h of extended wakefulness in untreated OSA.

Methods: Eight male OSA patients underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG) at baseline followed by 40 h awake with repeated performance testing (psychomotor vigilance task [PVT] and AusEd driving simulator). EEG slowing during REM and spindle density during NREM sleep were calculated using power spectral analysis and a spindle detection algorithm at frontal and central electrode sites.

Fatigue in Children With Moderate or Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Compared With Children With Orthopedic Injury: Characteristics and Associated Factors.

Objective: To characterize fatigue in children with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to identify associated factors.

Setting: Urban tertiary pediatric healthcare facility.

Participants: Children aged 5 to 15 years with a moderate TBI (n = 21), severe TBI (n = 23), or an orthopedic injury (OI; n = 38).

Does CPAP treat depressive symptoms in individuals with OSA? An analysis of two 12-week randomized sham CPAP-controlled trials.

Background: Depression is common in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Whether treating OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) improves depressive symptoms remains inconclusive. We examined the impact of CPAP on depressive symptoms in OSA patients compared to sham CPAP.

Slow-frequency electroencephalography activity during wake and sleep in obesity hypoventilation syndrome.

Study Objective: Neurophysiological activity during wake and sleep states in obesity hypoventilation (OHS) and its relationship with neurocognitive function is not well understood. This study compared OHS with equally obese obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, with similar apnea-hypopnea indices.

Methods: Resting wake and overnight sleep electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, neurocognitive tests, and sleepiness, depression and anxiety scores were assessed before and after 3 months of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy in 15 OHS and 36 OSA patients.

Quantitative electroencephalography measures in rapid eye movement and nonrapid eye movement sleep are associated with apnea-hypopnea index and nocturnal hypoxemia in men.

Study Objectives: Quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) measures of sleep may identify vulnerability to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) sequelae, however, small clinical studies of sleep microarchitecture in OSA show inconsistent alterations. We examined relationships between quantitative EEG measures during rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep and OSA severity among a large population-based sample of men while accounting for insomnia.

Methods: All-night EEG (F4-M1) recordings from full in-home polysomnography (Embletta X100) in 664 men with no prior OSA diagnosis (age ≥ 40) were processed following exclusion of artifacts.

Sleep Disturbance in Children With Moderate or Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Compared With Children With Orthopedic Injury.

Objectives: To characterize the sleep disturbance in children with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to identify associated factors.

Setting: An urban tertiary pediatric healthcare facility.

Participants: Children aged 5 to 15 years with a moderate TBI (n = 21), severe TBI (n = 23), or an orthopedic injury (OI; n =38) comparable in age, gender, and socioeconomic status.

Effect of 1 month of zopiclone on obstructive sleep apnoea severity and symptoms: a randomised controlled trial.

Hypnotic use in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is contraindicated due to safety concerns. Recent studies indicate that single-night hypnotic use worsens hypoxaemia in some and reduces OSA severity in others depending on differences in pathophysiology. However, longer clinical trial data are lacking.

Brain bioenergetics during resting wakefulness are related to neurobehavioral deficits in severe obstructive sleep apnea: a 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Study Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a well-established cause of impaired daytime functioning. However, there is a complex inter-individual variability in neurobehavioral performance in OSA patients. We previously reported compromised brain bioenergetics during apneic sleep in severe OSA.

Impaired Neurobehavioural Performance in Untreated Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients Using a Novel Standardised Test Battery.

Objective/background: Although polysomnography (PSG) is the gold-standard measure for assessing disease severity in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), it has limited value in identifying individuals experiencing significant neurobehavioural dysfunction. This study used a brief and novel computerised test battery to examine neurobehavioural function in adults with and without OSA.

Patients/methods: 204 patients with untreated OSA [age 49.

Sleep health epidemiology in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of poor sleep quality and sleep duration.

Sleep research has been dominated by high income countries (HIC). Sleep may be different in low and middle income countries (LMIC) due to cultural, demographic, geographical and health factors. We systematically reviewed the epidemiological literature reporting sleep parameters in the adult population in LMIC and meta-analyzed the prevalence of subjective poor sleep quality and sleep duration.