Evaluation of Aluminium Hydroxide Nanoparticles as an Efficient Adjuvant to Potentiate the Immune Response against Serotypes C and D Toxoid Vaccines.

serotypes C and D cause botulism in livestock, a neuroparalytic disease that results in substantial economic losses. Vaccination with aluminium-based toxoid vaccines is widely used to control the spread of botulism. Aluminium-based adjuvants are preferred owing to their apparent stimulation of the immune responses to toxoid vaccines when compared to other adjuvants.

Single-Domain Antibody Multimers for Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes C, D, and Their Mosaics in Endopep-MS.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly toxic proteins that require high-affinity immunocapture reagents for use in endopeptidase-based assays. Here, 30 novel and 2 earlier published llama single-domain antibodies (VHHs) against the veterinary-relevant BoNT serotypes C and D were yeast-produced. These VHHs recognized 10 independent antigenic sites, and many cross-reacted with the BoNT/DC and CD mosaic variants.

Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines.

Vaccines are one of the most effective strategies to prevent pathogen-induced illness in humans. The earliest vaccines were based on live inoculations with low doses of live or related pathogens, which carried a relatively high risk of developing the disease they were meant to prevent. The introduction of attenuated and killed pathogens as vaccines dramatically reduced these risks; however, attenuated live vaccines still carry a risk of reversion to a pathogenic strain capable of causing disease.

Exploring the genetic background of the botulism neurotoxin BoNT/B2 in Spain.

To determine whether the neurotoxin BoNT/B2 causing botulism in Spain is clonal, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of from food-borne episodes and infant cases of the condition were explored. The botulinum toxin gene () subtype, the variable region of the flagellin gene (VR), and a seven-gene multi-locus sequence type were examined by sequencing 37 BoNT-positive cultures obtained over the period 2010 to 2022. Out of 37 botulism events, 16 food-borne episodes and 16 infant cases were associated with 2.

Postprandial hypotension as a predictor of respiratory failure in patients with foodborne botulinum intoxication - a case-control study in outbreak investigation.

Objectives: Botulism is a rare syndrome characterized by acute, flaccid paralysis with possible involvement of respiratory muscle-producing pump failure requiring mechanical ventilation. A predominance of autonomic involvement can occur.

Methods: We enrolled patients affected by foodborne botulism during an outbreak.

Emergence of Novel Type C Botulism Strain in Household Outbreak, Japan.

In 2021, an outbreak of food poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum type C occurred in Kumamoto, Japan. Analysis of the isolated strain revealed that it possessed the bont/C gene and was slightly different from the reference bont/C gene. The risk for human infection with this new toxin type may be low.

[Clinical and neuroelectrophysiological features of botulism in children: an analysis of eight sporadic cases].

Objectives: To study the clinical and neuroelectrophysiological features of botulism in children.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of eight children who were diagnosed with botulism in the Department of Neurology, Hunan Children's Hospital, from August 2015 to October 2022.

Results: All eight children were found to have symmetrical cranial nerve palsy and flaccid paralysis of the extremities, with a descending pattern.

Septic shock due to Clostridium botulinum: a case report.

Background: Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that forms spores and the neurotoxin botulinum. It is best known for its toxin-induced flaccid paralytic disease, which is deadly without correct treatment. In this report, we show a completely different clinical course with fatal outcome.

Viable spores not detected in the household dust of major Canadian cities.

causes infant botulism by colonising the intestines and producing botulinum neurotoxin Previous reports have linked infant botulism cases to spores in household dust, yet the baseline incidence of spores in residential households is currently unknown. Vacuum cleaner dust from 963 households in 13 major Canadian cities was tested for using a novel real-time PCR assay directed against all known subtypes of the botulinum neurotoxin gene. None of the samples tested positive for Analysis of a random subset of samples by MALDI Biotyper revealed that the most common anaerobic bacterial isolates were of the genus and the most common species recovered overall was Dust that was spiked with spores of each toxin type successfully produced positive real-time PCR reactions.

A look at the future-new BoNTs and delivery systems in development: What it could mean in the clinic.

Despite the expanding clinical utility of botulinum neurotoxins, there remain problems to be solved for attaining the best outcome. The efficacy and safety need to be reconsidered for commercially available preparations all derived from subtype A1 or B1. Emerging new toxins include A2 or A6 subtypes or engineered toxins with less spread, more potency, longer durations of action, less antigenicity and better safety profile than currently used preparations.

Neuromuscular recovery from botulism involves multiple forms of compensatory plasticity.

Introduction: Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) causes neuroparalytic disease and death by blocking neuromuscular transmission. There are no specific therapies for clinical botulism and the only treatment option is supportive care until neuromuscular function spontaneously recovers, which can take weeks or months after exposure. The highly specialized neuromuscular junction (NMJ) between phrenic motor neurons and diaphragm muscle fibers is the main clinical target of BoNT.

Standardization of the Japanese National Standard, Equine Botulinum Antitoxin Type A, and Factors Affecting Standardization.

Equine botulinum antitoxin is one of the most popular countermeasures for human botulism. The unitage of the antitoxin product is defined according to national minimum requirement or pharmacopoeia in each country by referring to national standard antitoxins for four types (A, B, E, and F). With the expected depletion of the national standard antitoxins, replacement national standard antitoxins are produced and standardized through collaboration of the National Control Laboratory and other participants, including manufacturer(s).

Clostridial prosthetic joint infections: A series of 16 cases and literature review.

Objectives: Prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) due to the Clostridium species have not been widely investigated. We aimed to characterize these uncommon infections.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study between 2003 and 2020 in six French hospitals combined with a review of the literature.

Crystal Structure of the Catalytic Domain of a Botulinum Neurotoxin Homologue from : Potential Insights into Substrate Recognition.

neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent toxins known, causing the deadly disease botulism. They function through Zn-dependent endopeptidase cleavage of SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins, preventing vesicular fusion and subsequent neurotransmitter release from motor neurons. Several serotypes of BoNTs produced by (BoNT/A-/G and/X) have been well-characterised over the years.

Foodborne Botulism, Canada, 2006-2021.

During 2006-2021, Canada had 55 laboratory-confirmed outbreaks of foodborne botulism, involving 67 cases. The mean annual incidence was 0.01 case/100,000 population.

Treating rosacea with botulism toxin: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease usually associated with persistent erythema and periodic flushing. This disease is difficult to treat, and the outcomes are often unsatisfactory and prone to recurrence. In recent years, botulinum toxin has been used as a new treatment for rosacea; however, its efficacy and safety remain under discussion.

Adult-onset botulism in a Japanese woman with prolonged spore excretion.

We report a case of an 80-year-old woman with botulism from 2020 in Osaka, Japan. The patient complained of dysarthria and dizziness. On the same day, the patient developed respiratory failure, and was intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation.

Botulism after intragastric botulinum toxin injections for weight reduction.

Although-considering the risk-benefit ratio-botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is unequivocally recommended to treat severe neurological diseases such as dystonia, this has not yet been determined for its endoscopic intragastric injection aimed at weight reduction in obesity. However, severe adverse effects of intragastric BoNT/A had not yet been reported, prompting some European countries to endorse its (off-label) use and treat patients transnationally. We here present three cases of botulism after intragastric BoNT/A injections for obesity treatment in a Turkish hospital.

Botulism in Cattle: A Case Report of an Outbreak in Sardinia (Italy).

is the main causative agent of botulism in humans and animals. The ingestion of the botulinum neurotoxin, usually types C and D, has been shown to produce disease (neurological symptoms) in most botulism cases in cattle. We report an outbreak in Southern Sardinia that involved a livestock farm with 120 animals, 39 of which died.

Surveillance of bacterial disease in wartime Ukraine.

This analysis considers circulation of bacterial disease in wartime Ukraine. Anthrax, brucellosis, botulism and tularaemia are all naturally occurring in the country. The causative agents of these diseases also formed components of the biological weapons programme the Russian Federation inherited from the Soviet Union at the end of the Cold War.

Botulism mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome: The question of plasma exchange in an unusual case of acute paralysis.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy and the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. GBS classically presents with acute, progressive, ascending weakness, reduced to absent reflexes, and albuminocytological dissociation on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Botulism is a neurotoxin-mediated acute descending flaccid paralysis with cranial nerve palsies and dysautonomia.