Learned stressor resistance requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the prefrontal cortex.

Behaviorally controllable stressors confer protection from the neurochemical and behavioral consequences of future uncontrollable stressors, a phenomenon termed "behavioral immunization". Recent data implicate protein synthesis within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as critical to behavioral immunization. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a series of controllable tailshocks and 1 week later to uncontrollable tailshocks, followed 24 h later by social exploration and shuttlebox escape tests.

Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play behavior by vasopressin and oxytocin depends on social context.

We recently demonstrated that vasopressin (AVP) in the lateral septum modulates social play behavior differently in male and female juvenile rats. However, the extent to which different social contexts (i.e.

The relation between structural and functional connectivity depends on age and on task goals.

The last decade has seen an increase in neuroimaging studies examining structural (i.e., structural integrity of white matter tracts) and functional connectivity (e.

Age-related differences in neural recruitment during the use of cognitive reappraisal and selective attention as emotion regulation strategies.

The present study examined age differences in the timing and neural recruitment within lateral and medial PFC while younger and older adults hedonically regulated their responses to unpleasant film clips. When analyses focused on activity during the emotional peak of the film clip (the most emotionally salient portion of the film), several age differences emerged. When comparing regulation to passive viewing (combined effects of selective attention and reappraisal) younger adults showed greater regulation related activity in lateral PFC (DLPFC, VLPFC, OFC) and medial PFC (ACC) while older adults showed greater activation within a region DLPFC.

Neuroimaging correlates of handwriting quality as children learn to read and write.

Reading and writing are related but separable processes that are crucial skills to possess in modern society. The neurobiological basis of reading acquisition and development, which critically depends on phonological processing, and to a lesser degree, beginning writing as it relates to letter perception, are increasingly being understood. Yet direct relationships between writing and reading development, in particular, with phonological processing is not well understood.

Model fit evaluation in multilevel structural equation models.

Assessing goodness of model fit is one of the key questions in structural equation modeling (SEM). Goodness of fit is the extent to which the hypothesized model reproduces the multivariate structure underlying the set of variables. During the earlier development of multilevel structural equation models, the "standard" approach was to evaluate the goodness of fit for the entire model across all levels simultaneously.

Nuclear positioning in muscle development and disease.

Muscle disease as a group is characterized by muscle weakness, muscle loss, and impaired muscle function. Although the phenotype is the same, the underlying cellular pathologies, and the molecular causes of these pathologies, are diverse. One common feature of many muscle disorders is the mispositioning of myonuclei.

A review of the neural and behavioral consequences for unitizing emotional and neutral information.

A special type of association, called a "unitization," is formed when pieces of information are encoded as a single representation in memory (e.g., "shirt" and "blue" are encoded as a "blue shirt"; Graf and Schacter, 1989) and typically are later reactivated in memory as a single unit, allowing access to the features of multiple related stimuli at once (Bader et al.

1 < 2 and 2 < 3: non-linguistic appreciations of numerical order.

Ordinal understanding is involved in understanding social hierarchies, series of actions, and everyday events. Moreover, an appreciation of numerical order is critical to understanding number at a highly abstract, conceptual level. In this paper, we review findings concerning the development and expression of ordinal numerical knowledge in preverbal human infants in light of literature about the same cognitive abilities in non-human animals.

Attending to One of Many: When Infants are Surprisingly Poor at Discriminating an Item's Size.

Despite a prevailing assumption in the developmental literature that changes in continuous quantities (i.e., surface area, duration) are easier to detect than changes in number, very little research has focused on the verity of this assumption.

Stereogenic-at-metal Zn- and Al-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes as bifunctional catalysts in Cu-free enantioselective allylic alkylations.

Investigations detailed herein demonstrate the ability of chiral bidentate N-heterocyclic carbenes to promote directly-without the need for a Cu salt-site- and enantioselective C-C bond forming reactions. Within this context, catalytic allylic alkylations of various allylic phosphates with dialkylzinc and trialkylaluminum reagents, performed with chiral bidentate imidazolinium salts and in the absence of a Cu salt, are described. The Cu-free transformations deliver products bearing tertiary or (all-carbon) quaternary stereogenic centers with exceptional site- (>98:<2 S(N)2':S(N)2) and high enantioselectivity [up to 97.