Can glass polyalkenoate (glass-ionomer) dental cements be considered bioactive? A review.

Objectives: This paper reviews the chemical behaviour of glass polyalkenoate (glass-ionomer) dental cements, both conventional and resin-modified, in contact with natural tissues, with the aim of determining whether these materials can be considered to be bioactive.

Data: Relevant papers describing the behaviour of bioactive glasses and ceramics, and glass-ionomer (glass polyalkenoate) cements have been identified using PubMed and Science Direct. This has allowed a comparison to be made between the behaviour of glass-ionomers and the speciality glasses and ceramics that are widely classified as bioactive, a designation considered valid for over fifty years.

Fluoride exchange by glass-ionomer dental cements and its clinical effects: a review.

The topic of fluoride release and uptake by glass-ionomer (glass polyalkenoate) dental cements is reviewed. The study was based on a literature search carried out using PubMed. The main key words used were and , and further refinements were made by adding the keywords , and .

Biological Evaluation of Zinc Phosphate Cement for Potential Bone Contact Applications.

Zinc phosphate cement is used in dentistry to lute crowns and bridges. So far, its biocompatibility for other applications has not been studied. This paper reports the biocompatibility of zinc phosphate towards MG63 cells, testing both the material (discs; 3 mm diameter × 1 mm thick) and leachate from the cement.

Long-Term Water Balance Evaluation in Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials.

The complex role of water in glass ionomer cement (polyalkenoate) dental restorative materials has been studied, but much of the present understanding concerning water balance within these materials is based on very early studies and short-term experiments. This study evaluated the nature of the water species of six conventional and four resin modified glass ionomer restorative materials over 3 years using thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Materials were prepared, placed in crucibles, and stored in physiologic phosphate buffered saline and evaluated at 24 h, 1 week, and then at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months.

Determination of chemical species of fluoride during uptake mechanism of glass-ionomer cements with NMR spectroscopy.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical species formed inside glass-ionomer cements after fluoride uptake and to investigate the depth of penetration of fluoride ions within the cement matrix.

Methods: An experimental fluoride-free glass with composition 2SiO-AlO-CaO was produced. The glass powder was mixed with aqueous poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and allowed to set.

Kinetics of ion release from a conventional glass-ionomer cement.

Release kinetics for sodium, silicon, aluminium, calcium and phosphorus from conventional glass-ionomer dental cement has been studied in neutral and acid conditions. Specimens (6 mm height × 4 mm diameter) were made from AquaCem (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany), 6 per experiment. They were matured (37 °C, 1 h), then placed in 5 cm storage solution at 20-22 °C.

Consensus on glass-ionomer cement thresholds for restorative indications.

Objective: The aim of this paper is to present the results of a consensus meeting on the threshold property requirements for the clinical use of conventional glass-ionomer cements (GICs) for restorative indications.

Methods: Twenty-one experts on GICs evaluated the results of tests on mechanical and optical properties of 18 different brands of restorative GICs: Bioglass R [B], Chemfil Rock [CR], Equia Forte [EF], Gold Label 2 [GL2], Gold Label 9 [GL9], Glass Ionomer Cement II [GI], Ionglass [IG], Ion Z [IZ], Ionomaster [IM], Ionofil Plus [IP], Ionostar Plus [IS], Ketac Molar Easymix [KM], Magic Glass [MG], Maxxion R [MA], Riva Self Cure [R], Vidrion R [V], Vitro Fil [VF] and Vitro Molar [VM]. All experiments were carried out by a team of researchers from Brazil and England following strict protocols, under the same laboratory conditions throughout, and maintaining data integrity.

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Glass-Ionomer Dental Cements: A Review.

This paper reviews the strategies that have been reported in the literature to attempt to reinforce glass-ionomer dental cements, both conventional and resin-modified. These cements are widely used in current clinical practice, but their use is limited to regions where loading is not high. Reinforcement might extend these applications, particularly to the posterior dentition.

The effect of temperature and ionic solutes on the fluoride release and recharge of glass-ionomer cements.

Objective: To determine the effect of storage temperature and the presence of sodium chloride in solution on the fluoride uptake and release of glass-ionomer cements.

Methods: Several commercial brands were used, and stored at either room temperature (21-23°C) or 37°C, in KF solution at a concentration of 1000ppm F with and without 0.9% NaCl present.

Fluoride release and uptake in enhanced bioactivity glass ionomer cement ("glass carbomer™") compared with conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements.

Objectives: To study the fluoride uptake and release properties of glass carbomer dental cements and compare them with those of conventional and resin-modified glass ionomers.

Materials And Methods: Three materials were used, as follows: glass carbomer (Glass Fill), conventional glass ionomer (Chemfil Rock) and resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC). For all materials, specimens (sets of six) were matured at room temperature for time intervals of 10 minutes, 1 hour and 6 weeks, then exposed to either deionized water or sodium fluoride solution (1000 ppm in fluoride) for 24 hours.

The effect of antimicrobial additives on the properties of dental glass-ionomer cements: a review.

The aim of this article is to review the literature on the use of antimicrobial additives in glass-ionomer dental cements. An electronic search between 1987 and the end of 2017 was performed using PubMed, Web of Science and Google search engines with the terms glass-ionomer, glass polyalkenoate, antibacterial and antimicrobial as the key words. The search was refined by excluding the majority of references concerned with cement antimicrobial properties only.

Positive correlation between fluoride release and acid erosion of restorative glass-ionomer cements.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between acid erosion and fluoride release of conventional glass ionomer cements.

Methods: Ten specimens for each material were prepared for fluoride release tests and five for acid erosion tests separately. After placed in pH cycling solution, concentration of fluoride was measured by a fluoride-ion selective electrode each day for 15 days.

Maturation processes in glass-ionomer dental cements.

Glass-ionomer cements are used for a variety of tooth-repair functions in clinical dentistry. They are formed by reaction of a basic glass powder with a solution of polymeric water-soluble acid, usually polyacrylic acid. After the initial neutralization reaction, by which the cement hardens, various maturation reactions occur.

Physical property investigation of contemporary glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer restorative materials.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate selected physical properties of nine contemporary and recently marketed glass ionomer cement (GIC) and four resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI) dental restorative materials.

Materials And Methods: Specimens (n = 12) were fabricated for fracture toughness and flexure strength using standardized, stainless steel molds. Testing was completed on a universal testing machine until failure.

Release of antimicrobial compounds from a zinc oxide-chelate cement.

This study examined the release of cetylpyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride from fatty acid chelate temporary dental cement and their antimicrobial effects. The cement was Cavex Temporary, and either cetylpyridinium chloride or benzalkonium chloride was added (1% or 5% by mass), incorporating into the base paste. Release of the additives was determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Emerging Ethical Issues in Restorative Dentistry.

This article reviews some of the merging ethical issues in restorative dentistry. This is a branch of healthcare concerned with quality of life, since retention of functioning teeth is important in allowing a healthy diet to be consumed. Yet the supply of dentists is such that, in many of the world's poorest countries, extraction is the only viable option for treating tooth decay.

Component Release and Mechanical Properties of Endodontic Sealers following Incorporation of Antimicrobial Agents.

Root canal sealers with antimicrobial activity are highly beneficial; therefore, their antimicrobial properties could be improved by incorporation of antimicrobial agents. In the present study, the release of the quaternary ammonium compounds from endodontic sealers admixed with either benzalkonium chloride (BC) or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) at loadings of 2% wt was monitored. The effect of these additives on the compressive strengths and their release from the sealers was determined after 1 and 4 weeks.

A Review of Glass-Ionomer Cements for Clinical Dentistry.

This article is an updated review of the published literature on glass-ionomer cements and covers their structure, properties and clinical uses within dentistry, with an emphasis on findings from the last five years or so. Glass-ionomers are shown to set by an acid-base reaction within 2-3 min and to form hard, reasonably strong materials with acceptable appearance. They release fluoride and are bioactive, so that they gradually develop a strong, durable interfacial ion-exchange layer at the interface with the tooth, which is responsible for their adhesion.

Release of cetyl pyridinium chloride from fatty acid chelate temporary dental cement.

To determine whether the antimicrobial nature of a fatty acid chelate temporary dental cement can be enhanced by the addition of 5% cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC). The temporary cement, Cavex Temporary was employed, and additions of CPC were made to either the base or the catalyst paste prior to mixing the cement. Release of CPC from set cement specimens was followed using reverse-phase HPLC for a period of up to 2 weeks following specimen preparation.

Heat transfer properties and thermal cure of glass-ionomer dental cements.

Under clinical conditions, conventional glass-ionomer dental cements can be cured by application of heat from dental cure lamps, which causes acceleration in the setting. In order for this to be successful, such heat must be able to spread sufficiently through the cement to enhance cure, but not transmit heat so effectively that the underlying dental pulp of the tooth is damaged. The current study was aimed at measuring heat transfer properties of modern restorative glass-ionomers to determine the extent to which they meet these twin requirements.