Ethnic Differences in the Rates of Posterior Capsule Rupture and Long-Term Sequelae in Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the rates of posterior capsular rupture (PCR) and its sequelae during phacoemulsification across different ethnicities. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of all consecutive phacoemulsification cases complicated by PCR that met the inclusion criteria over a four-year period at a single tertiary eye centre in the United Kingdom (UK). Results PCR occurred in 0.

Outer Retinopathies Associated with COVID-19 Infection: Case Reports and Review of Literature.

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease with profound health implications. It can affect any part of the body with variable severity. Various ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease have been documented.

Optimising subjective grading of corneal staining in Sjögren's syndrome dry eye disease.

Aim: To assess whether smaller increment and regionalised subjective grading improves the repeatability of corneal fluorescein staining assessment, and to determine the neurological approach adopted for subjective grading by practitioners.

Methods: Experienced eye-care practitioners (n = 28, aged 45 ± 12 years), graded 20 full corneal staining images of patients with mild to severe Sjögren's syndrome with the Oxford grading scheme (both in 0.5 and 1.

Cosmetic Contact Lenses in the United Kingdom: Assessment of Online Regulation and Quality of Consumer Health Information.

Objectives: To determine the compliance of online vendors to the UK Opticians Act 1989 Section 27 requirements and safety regulations for cosmetic contact lens (CCL) sales and the quality of online CCL health information.

Methods: The top 50 websites selling CCLs on each three search engines, namely Google, Yahoo, and Bing, were selected. Duplicates were removed, and the remaining websites were systematically analyzed in February 2023.

Real-World Data on Faricimab Switching in Treatment-Refractory Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Faricimab is a newly approved bispecific antibody for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Our study aims to evaluate clinical outcomes of faricimab switching in patients with treatment-refractory nAMD; determine parameters that predict these outcomes; and obtain patient subjective experience on this new injection. This is a retrospective case review with clinical and imaging data from a tertiary referral unit (Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, UK), involving patients who were switched to faricimab between 1 January and 1 December 2023.

Concordance of randomised controlled trials for artificial intelligence interventions with the CONSORT-AI reporting guidelines.

The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials extension for Artificial Intelligence interventions (CONSORT-AI) was published in September 2020. Since its publication, several randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of AI interventions have been published but their completeness and transparency of reporting is unknown. This systematic review assesses the completeness of reporting of AI RCTs following publication of CONSORT-AI and provides a comprehensive summary of RCTs published in recent years.

Real-World Experience in the Use of Immunosuppression for the Management of Inflammatory Eye Disease.

Purpose: Patients with sight-threatening inflammatory eye disease (IED) are maintained on systemic immunosuppression whilst in long-term clinical remission. There are no clear guidelines on the duration of remission before implementing treatment withdrawal. We present a real-world analysis on the use of immunosuppression in IED in long-term remission and consider strategies for withdrawal.

Alirocumab-associated unilateral posterior uveitis.

A man in his mid-40s who had been recently started on alirocumab (a human monoclonal antibody which inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) due to his strong familial cardiovascular risk and refractory hypercholesterolaemia presented with a few-hour history of acute-onset left-sided blurred vision. The best-corrected visual acuities were 6/6 bilaterally and slit-lamp examination was normal. However, optical coherence tomography revealed serous subretinal fluid in the left macula.

Clinical Applications of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography: An Updated Review.

Since its introduction, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized the field of ophthalmology and has now become an indispensable, noninvasive tool in daily practice. Most ophthalmologists are familiar with its use in the assessment and monitoring of retinal and optic nerve diseases. However, it also has important applications in the assessment of anterior segment structures, including the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, anterior chamber, and iris, and has the potential to transform the clinical examination of these structures.

Cytokines in Immune-mediated "Non-infectious" Uveitis.

Uveitis is a significant cause of ocular morbidity and accounts for approximately 5 - 10% of visual impairments worldwide, particularly among the working-age population. Infections are the cause of ~ 50% cases of uveitis, but it has been suggested that infection might also be implicated in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated "non-infectious" uveitis. There is growing evidence that cytokines (i.

Ocular Metastasis as First Presentation of Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.

Introduction: We report a rare case of an aggressive large-cell neuroendocrine lung tumour, which presented with ocular metastasis.

Case Presentation: A 70-year-old lady presented with a 4-week history of left eye pain and photophobia. Ocular examination revealed left-sided episcleritis and she was treated with topical lubricants and steroids.

Healthcare professionals' views on the most important outcomes for non-infectious uveitis of the posterior segment: A qualitative study.

Background: Uveitis comprises a range of conditions that result in intraocular inflammation. Most sight-threatening uveitis falls into the broad category known as Non-infectious Posterior Segment-Involving Uveitis (PSIU). To evaluate treatments, trialists and clinicians must select outcome measures.

Cataract surgery after corneal refractive surgery: preoperative considerations and management.

Purpose Of Review: Corneal refractive surgery (CRS) is one of the most popular eye procedures, with more than 40 million cases performed globally. As CRS-treated patients age and develop cataract, the number of cases that require additional preoperative considerations and management will increase around the world. Thus, we provide an up-to-date, concise overview of the considerations and outcomes of cataract surgery in eyes with previous CRS, including surface ablation, laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).

Achieving net-zero in the dry eye disease care pathway.

Climate change is a threat to human health and wellbeing across the world. In recent years, there has been a surge in awareness of this crisis, leading to many countries and organisations setting "net-zero" targets. This entails minimising carbon emissions and neutralising remaining emissions by removing carbon from the atmosphere.

A Systematic Review of the Barriers to the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to improve healthcare outcomes by facilitating early diagnosis, reducing the medical administrative burden, aiding drug development, personalising medical and oncological management, monitoring healthcare parameters on an individual basis, and allowing clinicians to spend more time with their patients. In the post-pandemic world where there is a drive for efficient delivery of healthcare and manage long waiting times for patients to access care, AI has an important role in supporting clinicians and healthcare systems to streamline the care pathways and provide timely and high-quality care for the patients. Despite AI technologies being used in healthcare for some decades, and all the theoretical potential of AI, the uptake in healthcare has been uneven and slower than anticipated and there remain a number of barriers, both overt and covert, which have limited its incorporation.

How to recognise a Behçet's ulcer from other types of oral ulceration? Defining Behçet's ulceration by an International Delphi Consultation.

Objectives: To define the clinical characteristics of oral ulceration (OU) in Behçet's disease (BD), to allow differentiation from other causes of OU, including aphthous ulcers, by an International Delphi consultation. To develop a clinical guideline on how to recognise BD ulcers.

Methods: Round 1.

A 7-year review of clinical characteristics, predisposing factors and outcomes of post-keratoplasty infectious keratitis: the Nottingham infectious keratitis study.

Background/objectives: Post-keratoplasty infectious keratitis (PKIK) is a unique sight-threatening clinical entity which often poses significant therapeutic challenges. This study aimed to examine the clinical presentation, risk factors, management, and clinical outcomes of PKIK.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of all patients who presented to the Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, with PKIK between September 2015 and August 2022 (a 7-year period).

Conjunctival transcriptomics in ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid.

Purpose: Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (OcMMP) is an orphan disease characterized by chronic autoimmune-driven conjunctival inflammation leading to progressive scarring, debilitating symptoms, and blinding sequelae. This feasibility study aims to demonstrate conjunctival genetic transcriptomic analyses as a putative tool for interrogation of pathogenic signaling pathways in OcMMP.

Methods: Conjunctival RNA profiling using the NanoString nCounter Human Fibrosis panel was undertaken on RNA extracted from conjunctival swabs obtained from 6 MMP patients (8 eyes; 4 M/2F; median age 78 [range 64-84] years); and 8 age-matched control participants (15 eyes; 3 M/5F; median age 69.

Diagnosis of Keratitis: Past, Present and Future.

keratitis (AK) is a painful and sight-threatening parasitic corneal infection. In recent years, the incidence of AK has increased. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial during the management of AK, as delayed diagnosis often results in poor clinical outcomes.

The Royal College of Ophthalmologists' National Ophthalmology Database study of cataract surgery: report 16, influence of remuneration model on choice of intraocular lens in the UK.

Background/objectives: Cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is one of the most commonly performed surgeries worldwide. Within the UK, publicly funded cataract surgery is remunerated by two models: (1) "block contract" (BC), which commissions organisations to deliver whole service pathways without considering specific activity items; or (2) "payment by results" (PbR), which pays a tariff price for each procedure. This study aimed to examine the association between remuneration model and the cost and types of IOL used.

Large language models in medicine.

Large language models (LLMs) can respond to free-text queries without being specifically trained in the task in question, causing excitement and concern about their use in healthcare settings. ChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot produced through sophisticated fine-tuning of an LLM, and other tools are emerging through similar developmental processes. Here we outline how LLM applications such as ChatGPT are developed, and we discuss how they are being leveraged in clinical settings.

Management of keratoconus: an updated review.

Keratoconus is the most common corneal ectatic disorder. It is characterized by progressive corneal thinning with resultant irregular astigmatism and myopia. Its prevalence has been estimated at 1:375 to 1:2,000 people globally, with a considerably higher rate in the younger populations.