The Amazon rain forest plant Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) and its specific proanthocyanidin constituents are potent inhibitors and reducers of both brain plaques and tangles.

Brain aging and Alzheimer's disease both demonstrate the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein containing "plaques" and tau protein containing "tangles" that contribute to accelerated memory loss and cognitive decline. In the present investigation we identified a specific plant extract and its constituents as a potential alternative natural solution for preventing and reducing both brain "plaques and tangles". PTI-00703 cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa from a specific Peruvian source), a specific and natural plant extract from the Amazon rain forest, was identified as a potent inhibitor and reducer of both beta-amyloid fibrils (the main component of "plaques") and tau protein paired helical filaments/fibrils (the main component of "tangles").

Spinal Cord Injury Changes Cytokine Transport.

Here we summarize three aspects of our understanding of the interactions of cytokines and neurotrophic peptides/proteins with the blood-brain and bloodspinal cord barriers (BBB): (a) pharmacokinetic analysis that has been reported for native cytokines and neurotrophic peptides/proteins; (b) landmark work on conjugated proteins to enhance their delivery across the normal BBB; and (c) regulatory changes under pathophysiological conditions in rodents, particularly after spinal cord injury (SCI). First, though the BBB restricts the permeation of large proteins, some cytokines and neurotrophic peptides/proteins in the periphery can reach the central nervous system (CNS) by specific transport systems. Moreover, SCI and some other disease processes may regulate these transport systems.

Involvement of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Metabolic Regulation.

Pertinent to pandemic obesity, the discovery of endogenous peptides that affect the ingestion of food has led to the question of how these ingestive peptides exert their actions in the brain. Whereas peripheral sources provide a ready reserve, the availability of ingestive peptides to their central nervous system targets can be regulated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Some of the peptides/polypeptides are transported by saturable mechanisms from blood to brain.

Circadian rhythm of autophagy proteins in hippocampus is blunted by sleep fragmentation.

Autophagy is essential for normal cellular survival and activity. Circadian rhythms of autophagy have been studied in several peripheral organs but not yet reported in the brain. Here, we measured the circadian rhythm of autophagy-related proteins in mouse hippocampus and tested the effect of sleep fragmentation (SF).

The Blood-Brain Barrier: Regulatory Roles in Wakefulness and Sleep.

Sleep and its disorders are known to affect the functions of essential organs and systems in the body. However, very little is known about how the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is regulated. A few years ago, we launched a project to determine the impact of sleep fragmentation and chronic sleep restriction on BBB functions, including permeability to fluorescent tracers, tight junction protein expression and distribution, glucose and other solute transporter activities, and mediation of cellular mechanisms.

From blood to brain through BBB and astrocytic signaling.

In this Festschrift, I discuss the career and guiding principles to which Abba J. Kastin has adhered during the last 20 years we worked together. I briefly describe the history of our joint laboratory group, the context of studies of peptide permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and newer developments in the BBB Group as Abba steps down after serving 35 years as the founding Editor-in-Chief for Peptides.

Role of Astrocytes in Leptin Signaling.

To test the hypothesis that astrocytic leptin signaling induces an overall potentiation of the neuronal response to leptin, we generated a new line of astrocyte-specific leptin receptor knockout (ALKO-Δ1) mice in which no leptin receptor is expressed in astrocytes. Corresponding to cell-specific Cre recombinase expression in hypothalamic astrocytes but not neurons, this new strain of ALKO mice had attenuated pSTAT3 signaling in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus 30 min after intracerebroventricular delivery of leptin. In response to high-fat diet for 2 months, the ALKO mice showed a greater increase of percent fat and blood leptin concentration.

Leukocyte infiltration across the blood-spinal cord barrier is modulated by sleep fragmentation in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Background: We have recently shown that mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have increased sleep fragmentation (SF) and reduced sleep efficiency, and that the extent of SF correlates with the severity of disease. It is not yet clear whether and how sleep promotes recovery from autoimmune attacks. We hypothesized that SF promotes leukocyte infiltration across the blood-spinal cord barrier, impairs immune regulation, and thus worsens EAE.