Towards next-generation diagnostic pathology: AI-empowered label-free multiphoton microscopy.

Diagnostic pathology, historically dependent on visual scrutiny by experts, is essential for disease detection. Advances in digital pathology and developments in computer vision technology have led to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in this field. Despite these advancements, the variability in pathologists' subjective interpretations of diagnostic criteria can lead to inconsistent outcomes.

Mapping Full Conformational Transition Dynamics of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Using a Single-Molecule Nanocircuit.

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are emerging therapeutic targets for human diseases. However, probing their transient conformations remains challenging because of conformational heterogeneity. To address this problem, we developed a biosensor using a point-functionalized silicon nanowire (SiNW) that allows for real-time sampling of single-molecule dynamics.

In Situ Detection of Interfacial Ions at the Single-Bond Level.

Detecting the ionic state at the solid-liquid interface is essential to reveal the various chemical and physical processes that occur at the interface. In this study, the adsorption states of the highly electronegative ions F and OH at the solid-liquid interface are detected by using the scanning tunneling microscopy break junction technique. With the active hydrogen atom of the amino group as a probe, the formed ionic hydrogen bonds are successfully detected, thereby enabling in situ monitoring of the ionic state at the solid-liquid interface.

Choroidal Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: Noninvasive Choroidal Vessel Analysis via Deep Learning.

The choroid is the most vascularized structure in the human eye, associated with numerous retinal and choroidal diseases. However, the vessel distribution of choroidal sublayers has yet to be effectively explored due to the lack of suitable tools for visualization and analysis. In this paper, we present a novel choroidal angiography strategy to more effectively evaluate vessels within choroidal sublayers in the clinic.

MiniXL: An open-source, large field-of-view epifluorescence miniature microscope for mice capable of single-cell resolution and multi-brain region imaging.

Capturing the intricate dynamics of neural activity in freely behaving animals is essential for understanding the neural mechanisms underpinning specific behaviors. Miniaturized microscopy enables investigators to track population activity at cellular level, but the field of view (FOV) of these microscopes have been limited and does not allow multiple-brain region imaging. To fill this technological gap, we have developed the eXtra Large field-of-view Miniscope (MiniXL), a 3.

Technologies for investigating single-molecule chemical reactions.

Single molecules, the smallest independently stable units in the material world, serve as the fundamental building blocks of matter. Among different branches of single-molecule sciences, single-molecule chemical reactions, by revealing the behavior and properties of individual molecules at the molecular scale, are particularly attractive because they can advance the understanding of chemical reaction mechanisms and help to address key scientific problems in broad fields such as physics, chemistry, biology and materials science. This review provides a timely, comprehensive overview of single-molecule chemical reactions based on various technical platforms such as scanning probe microscopy, single-molecule junction, single-molecule nanostructure, single-molecule fluorescence detection and crossed molecular beam.

Quantification of Multi-Compartment Flow with Spectral Diffusion MRI.

Purpose: Estimation of multi-compartment intravoxel 'flow' in in ml/100g/min with multi-b-value diffusion weighted imaging and a multi-Gaussian model in the kidneys.

Theory And Methods: A multi-Gaussian model of intravoxel flow using water transport time to quantify (ml/100g/min) is presented and simulated. Multi-compartment anisotropic DWI signal is simulated with Rician noise and SNR=50 and analyzed with a rigid bi-exponential, a rigid tri-exponential and diffusion spectrum imaging model of intravoxel incoherent motion (spectral diffusion) to study extraction of multi-compartment flow.

Predicting gastric cancer response to anti-HER2 therapy or anti-HER2 combined immunotherapy based on multi-modal data.

The sole use of single modality data often fails to capture the complex heterogeneity among patients, including the variability in resistance to anti-HER2 therapy and outcomes of combined treatment regimens, for the treatment of HER2-positive gastric cancer (GC). This modality deficit has not been fully considered in many studies. Furthermore, the application of artificial intelligence in predicting the treatment response, particularly in complex diseases such as GC, is still in its infancy.

RIP3 regulates doxorubicin-induced intestinal mucositis via FUT2-mediated α-1,2-fucosylation.

Objective: Intestinal mucositis is one of the common side effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in mucositis development remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the function of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3/RIPK3) in regulating doxorubicin-induced intestinal mucositis and its potential mechanisms.

The United States Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health Collaboration: Medical Care Advances by Discovery in Radiation Detection.

A National Institutes of Health (NIH) and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science virtual workshop on shared general topics was held in July of 2021 and reported on in this publication in January of 2023.

XSIM: A structural similarity index measure optimized for MRI QSM.

Purpose: The structural similarity index measure (SSIM) has become a popular quality metric to evaluate QSM in a way that is closer to human perception than RMS error (RMSE). However, SSIM may overpenalize errors in diamagnetic tissues and underpenalize them in paramagnetic tissues, resulting in biasing. In addition, extreme artifacts may compress the dynamic range, resulting in unrealistically high SSIM scores (hacking).

Noise-imitation learning: unpaired speckle noise reduction for optical coherence tomography.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is widely used in clinical practice for its non-invasive, high-resolution imaging capabilities. However, speckle noise inherent to its low coherence principle can degrade image quality and compromise diagnostic accuracy. While deep learning methods have shown promise in reducing speckle noise, obtaining well-registered image pairs remains challenging, leading to the development of unpaired methods.

Self-regulation training generalizability using the regulation of craving task. An fMRI study.

Individual differences in reward salience may relate to the difficulty in regulating the effects of multiple substances (e.g., nicotine and food).

PathoDuet: Foundation models for pathological slide analysis of H&E and IHC stains.

Large amounts of digitized histopathological data display a promising future for developing pathological foundation models via self-supervised learning methods. Foundation models pretrained with these methods serve as a good basis for downstream tasks. However, the gap between natural and histopathological images hinders the direct application of existing methods.

IQAGPT: computed tomography image quality assessment with vision-language and ChatGPT models.

Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various tasks and attracted increasing interest as a natural language interface across many domains. Recently, large vision-language models (VLMs) that learn rich vision-language correlation from image-text pairs, like BLIP-2 and GPT-4, have been intensively investigated. However, despite these developments, the application of LLMs and VLMs in image quality assessment (IQA), particularly in medical imaging, remains unexplored.

Phaser-Trim: A Phase Separation Based Genetically Encoded Reporter for H3K9 Trimethylation in Living Cells.

Histone methylation is a key epigenetic modification that regulates the chromatin structure and gene expression for proper cellular and physiological processes. Aberrant histone methylation patterns are implicated in many diseases. Therefore, monitoring histone methylation dynamics in living cells and species is essential for elucidating its regulatory mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic targets.

Validation of conductivity tensor imaging against diffusion tensor magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography.

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (DT-MREIT) and electrodeless conductivity tensor imaging (CTI) are two emerging modalities that can quantify low-frequency tissue anisotropic conductivity properties by assuming similar properties underlie ionic mobility and water diffusion. While both methods have potential applications to estimating neuro-modulation fields or formulating forward models used for electrical source imaging, a direct comparison of the two modalities has not yet been performed in-vitro or in-vivo. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the equivalence of these two modalities.

Multimodal Eye Imaging, Retina Characteristics, and Psychological Assessment Dataset.

The eyes provide insights into psychology, potentially offering a distinctive perspective for psychological health profiles. However, there exist a notable deficiency in datasets that simultaneously encompass eye features and psychological assessments. To address this gap, our study presents a dataset that included Fundus Photography, Psychological Assessment, Retina Characteristics, and Multimodal Imaging (FPRM).

Resting-State Functional Connectivity Change in Frontoparietal and Default Mode Networks After Acute Exercise in Youth.

Background: A single bout of aerobic exercise can provide acute benefits to cognition and emotion in children. Yet, little is known about how acute exercise may impact children's underlying brain networks' resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC).

Objective: Using a data-driven multivariate pattern analysis, we investigated the effects of a single dose of exercise on acute rsFC changes in 9-to-13-year-olds.

Toward a nomenclature consensus for diverse intelligent systems: Call for collaboration.

Disagreements about language use are common both between and within fields. Where interests require multidisciplinary collaboration or the field of research has the potential to impact society at large, it becomes critical to minimize these disagreements where possible. The development of diverse intelligent systems, regardless of the substrate (e.

Quantitative-MRI analysis of the effects of retrograde nailing on vascularity of the distal femur: A cadaveric study.

Background: Distal femur fractures remain treatment challenges with a considerable postoperative non-union rate. Concern remains that surgery may compromise osseous vascularity. This study aimed to determine effects of retrograde femoral intramedullary nailing (RFIN) on distal femur vascularity, and the locations of the middle genicular artery terminal branches in relation to the standard RFIN entry point.