The hunchback (hb) gene is a crucial segmentation gene first found in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, that encodes a transcription factor important for development along the anterior-posterior axis.
When hb is absent in Drosophila, it leads to significant developmental issues, such as missing anterior segments and the fusion of certain abdominal segments.
Research indicates that while the role of hb in patterning is likely an ancient trait in insects, its specific functions have evolved further within the arthropod lineage, shown by comparisons with other species like annelids and nematodes.