Microbial community development during syngas methanation in a trickle bed reactor with various nutrient sources.

Microbial community development within an anaerobic trickle bed reactor (TBR) during methanation of syngas (56% H, 30% CO, 14% CO) was investigated using three different nutrient media: defined nutrient medium (241 days), diluted digestate from a thermophilic co-digestion plant operating with food waste (200 days) and reject water from dewatered digested sewage sludge at a wastewater treatment plant (220 days). Different TBR operating periods showed slightly different performance that was not clearly linked to the nutrient medium, as all proved suitable for the methanation process. During operation, maximum syngas load was 5.

The Virulence Factor p25 of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus Interacts With Multiple Aux/IAA Proteins From : Implications for Rhizomania Development.

Rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is characterized by excessive lateral root (LR) formation. Auxin-mediated degradation of Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors stimulates gene regulatory networks leading to LR organogenesis and involves several Aux/IAA proteins acting at distinctive stages of LR development. Previously, we showed that BNYVV p25 virulence factor interacts with BvIAA28, a transcriptional repressor acting at early stages of LR initiation.

Manipulation of auxin signalling by plant viruses.

Compatible plant-virus interactions result in dramatic changes of the plant transcriptome and morphogenesis, and are often associated with rapid alterations in plant hormone homeostasis and signalling. Auxin controls many aspects of plant organogenesis, development, and growth; therefore, plants can rapidly perceive and respond to changes in the cellular auxin levels. Auxin signalling is a tightly controlled process and, hence, is highly vulnerable to changes in the mRNA and protein levels of its components.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Molecular Insights into the Interaction of and with Their Host Sugar Beet.

(BNYVV) and (BSBMV) are closely related species, but disease development induced in their host sugar beet displays striking differences. induces excessive lateral root (LR) formation, whereas BSBMV-infected roots appear asymptomatic. A comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to elucidate transcriptomic changes associated with disease development.

Massive up-regulation of LBD transcription factors and EXPANSINs highlights the regulatory programs of rhizomania disease.

Rhizomania of sugar beet, caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), is characterized by excessive lateral root (LR) formation leading to dramatic reduction of taproot weight and massive yield losses. LR formation represents a developmental process tightly controlled by auxin signaling through AUX/IAA-ARF responsive module and LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) transcriptional network. Several LBD transcription factors play central roles in auxin-regulated LR development and act upstream of EXPANSINS (EXPs), cell wall (CW)-loosening proteins involved in plant development via disruption of the extracellular matrix for CW relaxation and expansion.

Molecular and pathobiological characterization of 61 Potato mop-top virus full-length cDNAs reveals great variability of the virus in the centre of potato domestication, novel genotypes and evidence for recombination.

The evolutionary divergence of Potato mop-top virus (PMTV), a tri-partite, single-stranded RNA virus, is exceptionally low, based on the analysis of sequences obtained from isolates from Europe, Asia and North America. In general, RNA viruses exist as dynamic populations of closely related and recombinant genomes that are subjected to continuous genetic variation. The reason behind the low genetic variation of PMTV remains unclear.

Nano titania aided clustering and adhesion of beneficial bacteria to plant roots to enhance crop growth and stress management.

A novel use of Titania nanoparticles as agents in the nano interface interaction between a beneficial plant growth promoting bacterium (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UCMB5113) and oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus) for protection against the fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicae is presented. Two different TiO2 nanoparticle material were produced by the Sol-Gel approach, one using the patented Captigel method and the other one applying TiBALDH precursor. The particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering and nano particle tracking analysis.

Lanthanum molybdate nanoparticles from the Bradley reaction: factors influencing their composition, structure, and functional characteristics as potential matrixes for luminescent phosphors.

Interaction of lanthanum isopropoxide with molybdenum(VI) alkoxides in La/Mo ratios varying from 3:1 to 1:1 in acetophenon or allyl alcohol as solvents offers nanosized poorly crystalline products of complex composition, where the precipitation of Mo-rich ones is followed by the formation of La-rich ones with conservation of the reaction stoichiometry in total. Thermal treatment of the precipitates at temperatures over 700 °C leads to the formation of stoichiometric phases of the α- and β-La2Mo2O9 compositions. Introduction of smaller Re(3+) cations such as Sm(3+) by doping favors stabilization of the La2-xRExMo2O9 phase with improved crystallinity even after lower-temperature thermal treatment.

Precursor-directed assembly of complex oxide nanobeads: the role of strongly coordinated inorganic anions.

The use of an inorganic perrhenate ligand in the structure of early-transition-metal alkoxide precursors permits to achieve uniform self-assembly of the primary nanoparticles produced by their hydrolysis. The latter has been carried out in a hydrocarbon reaction medium by the addition of water with vigorous stirring, either in the pure form or in solutions in parent alcohols. The self-assembly is guided by the surface charge enhanced by the presence of strongly coordinated anions as determined by zeta potential measurements.

Precursor and solvent effects in the nonhydrolytic synthesis of complex oxide nanoparticles for bioimaging applications by the ether elimination (Bradley) reaction.

Investigation of the solvent and alkoxide precursor effect on the nonhydrolytic sol-gel synthesis of oxide nanoparticles by means of an ether elimination (Bradley) reaction indicates that the best crystallinity of the resulting oxide particles is achieved on application of aprotic ketone solvents, such as acetophenone, and of smallest possible alkoxide groups. The size of the produced primary particles is always about 5 nm caused by intrinsic mechanisms of their formation. The produced particles, possessing the composition of natural highly insoluble minerals, are biocompatible.

Unusual long-distance movement strategies of Potato mop-top virus RNAs in Nicotiana benthamiana.

The Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) genome encodes replicase, movement, and capsid proteins on three different RNA species that are encapsidated within tubular rod-shaped particles. Previously, we showed that the protein produced on translational readthrough (RT) of the coat protein (CP) gene, CP-RT, is associated with one extremity of the virus particles, and that the two RNAs encoding replicase and movement proteins can move long distance in the absence of the third RNA (RNA-CP) that encodes the capsid proteins, CP and CP-RT. Here, we examined the roles of the CP and CP-RT proteins on RNA movement using infectious clones carrying mutations in the CP and CP-RT coding domains.

Sequence characterization of Dasheen mosaic virus isolates from cocoyam in Nicaragua.

Dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV) is an important constraint to production of cocoyam (Xanthosoma spp.) in Nicaragua. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the coat protein (CP) region from ten Nicaraguan DsMV isolates.

Evidence for specificity of cultivable bacteria associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores.

Bacteria associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal spores may play functional roles in interactions between AM fungi, plant hosts and defence against plant pathogens. To study AM fungal spore-associated bacteria (AMB) with regard to diversity, source effects (AM fungal species, plant host) and antagonistic properties, we isolated AMB from surface-decontaminated spores of Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae extracted from field rhizospheres of Festuca ovina and Leucanthemum vulgare. Analysis of 385 AMB was carried out by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile analysis, and some also identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.