Paraesophageal hernia and iron deficiency anemia: Mechanisms, diagnostics and therapy.

There is ample clinical evidence suggesting that the presence of large axial or paraesophageal hernias may lead to iron deficiency anemia. So-called Cameron lesions, as well as other small mucosa erosions, in the sliding area of these diaphragmatic hernias lead to invisible chronic blood loss and consequently to iron depletion. While the spectrum of symptoms in these patients is large, anemia is often not the only indication and typically not the primary indication for surgical correction of diaphragmatic hernias.

Changes in drug transport and metabolism and their clinical implications in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising, especially in Western countries. Drug treatment in patients with NAFLD is common since it is linked to other conditions like diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Consequently, changes in drug metabolism may have serious clinical implications.

Molecular changes in hepatic metabolism and transport in cirrhosis and their functional importance.

Liver cirrhosis is the common endpoint of many hepatic diseases and represents a relevant risk for liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The progress of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis is accompanied by deteriorating liver function. This review summarizes the regulatory and functional changes in phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes as well as transport proteins and provides an overview regarding lipid and glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients.

Effect of drug transporter pharmacogenetics on cholestasis.

Introduction: The liver is the central place for the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. In the liver cell, oxidation and conjugation of compounds take place, and at the same time, bile formation helps in extrusion of these compounds via the biliary route. A large number of transporters are responsible for drug uptake into the liver cell and excretion into bile or efflux to the sinusoidal blood.