Care during conflicts: Emergency support systems in Oceania.

Objective: The present study analyses Oceania's protest and conflict events (2021-2022) to aid healthcare systems better understand the scope of the issue.

Methods: Data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data database were examined for event types and fatalities.

Results: A total of 2743 events were recorded, mainly protests (83.

Changes to human sleep architecture during long-duration spaceflight.

Both rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement sleep are important for cognitive function and well-being, yet few studies have examined whether human sleep architecture is affected by long-duration spaceflight. We recorded 256 nights of sleep from five crew members before (n = 112 nights), during (n = 83 nights) and after (n = 61 nights) ~6-month missions aboard the Mir space station, using the Nightcap sleep monitor. We compared sleep outcomes (including total sleep time, efficiency, latency, rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement) during spaceflight with those on Earth.

Stress Granule Assembly in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

The role of stress granules (SGs) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is unknown. We hypothesized that SG formation contributes to abnormal vascular phenotypes, and cardiac and skeletal muscle dysfunction in PAH. Using the rat Sugen/hypoxia (SU/Hx) model of PAH, we demonstrate the formation of SG puncta and increased expression of SG proteins compared to control animals in lungs, right ventricles, and soleus muscles.

DREADD agonist compound 21 causes acute diuresis in wild-type mice.

The targeted activation or inhibition of specific cell populations using chemogenetics allows the precise dissection of cellular signaling and function. Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) is a chemogenetic platform initially developed by mutating human muscarinic receptors to be unresponsive to endogenous acetylcholine but exclusively activated by an "inert" designer drug. Compound 21 (C21) is a new and potent DREADD agonist; however, radioligand assays from a recent report indicated its ability to bind to endogenous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including muscarinic M1-3 receptors.

Methylmalonic acid induces metabolic abnormalities and exhaustion in CD8 T cells to suppress anti-tumor immunity.

Systemic levels of methylmalonic acid (MMA), a byproduct of propionate metabolism, increase with age and MMA promotes tumor progression via its direct effects in tumor cells. However, the role of MMA in modulating the tumor ecosystem remains to be investigated. The proliferation and function of CD8 T cells, key anti-tumor immune cells, declines with age and in conditions of vitamin B12 deficiency, which are the two most well-established conditions that lead to increased systemic levels of MMA.

Immunological and molecular features of the tumor microenvironment of long-term survivors of ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUNDDespite an overall poor prognosis, about 15% of patients with advanced-stage tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) survive 10 or more years after standard treatment.METHODSWe evaluated the tumor microenvironment of this exceptional, understudied group using a large international cohort enriched for long-term survivors (LTS; 10+ years; n = 374) compared with mid-term (MTS; 5-7.99 years; n = 433) and short-term survivors (STS; 2-4.

Comparative Outcomes of Unilateral vs Bilateral Revascularization in Moyamoya Disease: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

Background And Objectives: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is characterized by progressive steno-occlusion of the internal carotid arteries, leading to compensatory collateral vessel formation. The optimal surgical approach for MMD remains debated, with bilateral revascularization potentially offering more comprehensive protection but involving more extensive surgery compared to unilateral revascularization. This study aims to compare bilateral revascularization and unilateral revascularization short-term safety profile in the treatment of MMD.

Bi- and Monoallelic Variants and Chronic Kidney Disease in West Africans.

Background: Apolipoprotein L1 gene () variants are risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) among Black Americans. Data are sparse on the genetic epidemiology of CKD and the clinical association of variants with CKD in West Africans, a major group in the Black population.

Methods: We conducted a case-control study involving participants from Ghana and Nigeria who had CKD stages 2 through 5, biopsy-proven glomerular disease, or no kidney disease.

How May Influence the Geographic Distribution of Medical Trainees in the United States.

Third- and fourth-year U.S. medical students applying to residency were surveyed between August 6 and October 22, 2022, to assess the impact of on medical student residency application location choices.

Management of human epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors-related acneiform rash: A position paper based on the first Europe/USA Delphi consensus process.

Background: There is a need for unified guidance in the management of acneiform rash induced by epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRi) among dermatologists.

Objective: To establish unified international guidelines for the management of acneiform rash caused by EGFR inhibitors, based on an experts' Delphi consensus.

Methods: The initiative was led by five members of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Task Force 'Dermatology for Cancer Patients' who developed a questionnaire that was circulated to a group of 32 supportive oncodermatology experts in Europe, Canada, Argentina, the US States and Asia.

Associations Between Testing and Treatment Pathways in a Case of Pediatric Nonlesional Epilepsy: A Census Survey of NAEC Center Directors.

Objective: Epilepsy surgery is vital in managing of children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Noninvasive and invasive testing modalities allow for evaluation and treatment of children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Evidence-based algorithms for this process do not exist.

Efficacy and Safety of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular, Renal Events, and Safety Outcomes in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Comorbid Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Target Trial Emulation.

Objective: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were excluded from sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) clinical trials. It is unknown whether the cardiorenal benefits of SGLT2i extend to patients with SLE and comorbid type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: We performed an emulated clinical trial in an insurance-based cohort in the United States, evaluating SGLT2i versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) for primary prevention of cardiovascular, renal, and other clinical outcomes among patients with both SLE and comorbid T2D.

Accelerated cardiac cine with spatio-coil regularized deep learning reconstruction.

Purpose: To develop an iterative deep learning (DL) reconstruction with spatio-coil regularization and multichannel k-space data consistency for accelerated cine imaging.

Methods: This study proposes a Spatio-Coil Regularized DL (SCR-DL) approach for iterative deep learning reconstruction incorporating multicoil information in data consistency and regularizer. SCR-DL uses shift-invariant convolutional kernels to interpolate missing k-space lines and reconstruct individual coil images, followed by a regularizer that operates simultaneously across spatial and coil dimensions using learned image priors.

Neuroscience in Pictures: 3. Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a complex, heritable brain disorder characterized by psychotic, negative, cognitive, mood, and motor symptoms. This pictorial review explores the multifaceted nature of schizophrenia, from its etiology to prevention strategies. We discuss the interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors, neurobiological underpinnings, and stepwise progression.

Dietary restriction impacts health and lifespan of genetically diverse mice.

Caloric restriction extends healthy lifespan in multiple species. Intermittent fasting, an alternative form of dietary restriction, is potentially more sustainable in humans, but its effectiveness remains largely unexplored. Identifying the most efficacious forms of dietary restriction is key for developing interventions to improve human health and longevity.