Choroid plexus morphology in schizophrenia and early-stage psychosis: A cross-sectional study.

Background: The choroid plexus is an important structure within the ventricular system. Schizophrenia has been associated with morphological changes to the choroid plexus but the presence and extent of alterations at different illness stages is unclear.

Methods: We examined choroid plexus volumes in participants at clinical high-risk for psychosis (N = 110), participants with first-episode psychosis (N = 37), participants with schizophrenia (N = 28), clinical (N = 38) and non-clinical controls (N = 75).

Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Community-Recruited Individuals at Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis: Results From the Youth Mental Health Risk and Resilience Study (YouR-Study).

Clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) individuals are typically recruited from clinical services but the clinical and functional outcomes of community-recruited CHR-P individuals remain largely unclear. The Youth Mental Health Risk and Resilience Study (YouR-Study) obtained a community sample of CHR-P individuals through an online-screening approach and followed-up these individuals for a period of up to 3 years to determine transition rates, persistence of attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) and functional outcomes. Baseline data were obtained from  = 144 CHR-P participants,  = 51 participants who met online cutoff criteria but not CHR-P criteria (CHR-Ns), and  = 58 healthy controls.

Magnetoencephalography in Psychiatry: A Perspective on Translational Research and Applications.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a neuroimaging technique that has excellent temporal as well as good spatial resolution for measuring neural activity and has been extensively employed in cognitive neuroscience. However, MEG has only been more recently applied to investigations of brain networks and biomarkers in psychiatry. Besides providing new insights into the pathophysiology of major psychiatry syndromes, especially in schizophrenia, a major objective of current research is the identification of biomarkers that could inform early intervention and novel treatments.

Entrainment of neural oscillations during language processing in Early-Stage schizophrenia.

Background: Impairments in language processing in schizophrenia (ScZ) are a central aspect of the disorder but the underlying pathophysiology mechanisms are unclear. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that neural oscillations are impaired during speech tracking in early-stage ScZ and in participants at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P).

Method: Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used in combination with source reconstructed time-series to examine delta and theta-band entrainment during continuous speech.

Applications of OPM-MEG for translational neuroscience: a perspective.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) allows the non-invasive measurement of brain activity at millisecond precision combined with localization of the underlying generators. So far, MEG-systems consisted of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS), which suffer from several limitations. Recent technological advances, however, have enabled the development of novel MEG-systems based on optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs), offering several advantages over conventional SQUID-MEG systems.

Effects of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists on Gamma-Band Activity During Auditory Stimulation Compared With Electro/Magneto-encephalographic Data in Schizophrenia and Early-Stage Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Perspective.

Background And Hypothesis: N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) hypofunctioning has been hypothesized to be involved in circuit dysfunctions in schizophrenia (ScZ). Yet, it remains to be determined whether the physiological changes observed following NMDA-R antagonist administration are consistent with auditory gamma-band activity in ScZ which is dependent on NMDA-R activity.

Study Design: This systematic review investigated the effects of NMDA-R antagonists on auditory gamma-band activity in preclinical (n = 15) and human (n = 3) studies and compared these data to electro/magneto-encephalographic measurements in ScZ patients (n = 37) and 9 studies in early-stage psychosis.

40 Hz Steady-State Response in Human Auditory Cortex Is Shaped by Gabaergic Neuronal Inhibition.

The 40 Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR), an oscillatory brain response to periodically modulated auditory stimuli, is a promising, noninvasive physiological biomarker for schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. The 40 Hz ASSR might be amplified by synaptic interactions in cortical circuits, which are, in turn, disturbed in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we tested whether the 40 Hz ASSR in the human auditory cortex depends on two key synaptic components of neuronal interactions within cortical circuits: excitation via N-methyl-aspartate glutamate (NMDA) receptors and inhibition via gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptors.

Exploring global and local processes underlying alterations in resting-state functional connectivity and dynamics in schizophrenia.

Introduction: We examined changes in large-scale functional connectivity and temporal dynamics and their underlying mechanisms in schizophrenia (ScZ) through measurements of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data and computational modelling.

Methods: The rs-fMRI measurements from patients with chronic ScZ (n=38) and matched healthy controls (n=43), were obtained through the public schizConnect repository. Computational models were constructed based on diffusion-weighted MRI scans and fit to the experimental rs-fMRI data.

Using brain structural neuroimaging measures to predict psychosis onset for individuals at clinical high-risk.

Machine learning approaches using structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) can be informative for disease classification, although their ability to predict psychosis is largely unknown. We created a model with individuals at CHR who developed psychosis later (CHR-PS+) from healthy controls (HCs) that can differentiate each other. We also evaluated whether we could distinguish CHR-PS+ individuals from those who did not develop psychosis later (CHR-PS-) and those with uncertain follow-up status (CHR-UNK).

Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.

Importance: The lack of robust neuroanatomical markers of psychosis risk has been traditionally attributed to heterogeneity. A complementary hypothesis is that variation in neuroanatomical measures in individuals at psychosis risk may be nested within the range observed in healthy individuals.

Objective: To quantify deviations from the normative range of neuroanatomical variation in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) and evaluate their overlap with healthy variation and their association with positive symptoms, cognition, and conversion to a psychotic disorder.

Intact Mismatch Negativity Responses in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis and First-Episode Psychosis: Evidence From Source-Reconstructed Event-Related Fields and Time-Frequency Data.

Background: This study examined whether mismatch negativity (MMN) responses are impaired in participants at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) and patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and whether MMN deficits predict clinical outcomes in CHR-Ps.

Methods: Magnetoencephalography data were collected during a duration-deviant MMN paradigm for a group of 116 CHR-P participants, 33 FEP patients (15 antipsychotic-naïve), clinical high risk negative group (n = 38) with substance abuse and affective disorder, and 49 healthy control participants. Analysis of group differences of source-reconstructed event-related fields as well as time-frequency and intertrial phase coherence focused on the bilateral Heschl's gyri and bilateral superior temporal gyri.

Spectral and phase-coherence correlates of impaired auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia: A MEG study.

Background: Reduced auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is robustly impaired in schizophrenia. However, mechanisms underlying dysfunctional MMN generation remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to examine the role of evoked spectral power and phase-coherence towards deviance detection and its impairments in schizophrenia.

The coupling between the spatial and temporal scales of neural processes revealed by a joint time-vertex connectome spectral analysis.

Brain oscillations are produced by the coordinated activity of large groups of neurons and different rhythms are thought to reflect different modes of information processing. These modes, in turn, are known to occur at different spatial scales. Nevertheless, how these rhythms support different spatial modes of information processing at the brain scale is not yet fully understood.

Towards a youth mental health paradigm: a perspective and roadmap.

Most mental disorders have a typical onset between 12 and 25 years of age, highlighting the importance of this period for the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of mental ill-health. This perspective addresses interactions between risk and protective factors and brain development as key pillars accounting for the emergence of psychopathology in youth. Moreover, we propose that novel approaches towards early diagnosis and interventions are required that reflect the evolution of emerging psychopathology, the importance of novel service models, and knowledge exchange between science and practitioners.

Thalamo-cortical circuits during sensory attenuation in emerging psychosis: a combined magnetoencephalography and dynamic causal modelling study.

Evidence suggests that schizophrenia (ScZ) involves impairments in sensory attenuation. It is currently unclear, however, whether such deficits are present during early-stage psychosis as well as the underlying network and the potential as a biomarker. To address these questions, Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used in combination with computational modeling to examine M100 responses that involved a "passive" condition during which tones were binaurally presented, while in an "active" condition participants were asked to generate a tone via a button press.

40-Hz Auditory Steady-State Responses in Schizophrenia: Toward a Mechanistic Biomarker for Circuit Dysfunctions and Early Detection and Diagnosis.

There is converging evidence that 40-Hz auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) are robustly impaired in schizophrenia and could constitute a potential biomarker for characterizing circuit dysfunctions as well as enable early detection and diagnosis. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in 40-Hz ASSRs, drawing on computational, physiological, and pharmacological data with a focus on parameters modulating the balance between excitation and inhibition. We will then summarize findings from electro- and magnetoencephalographic studies in participants at clinical high risk for psychosis, patients with first-episode psychosis, and patients with schizophrenia to identify the pattern of deficits across illness stages, the relationship with clinical variables, and the prognostic potential.

Characteristics and clinical correlates of risk symptoms in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Emerging evidence suggests that the duration of risk symptoms (DUR) may have an impact on clinical outcomes in clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHRP) participants. To explore this hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis on studies that examined DUR in CHR-P individuals in relation to their clinical outcomes. This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and the protocol was registered with PROSPERO on 16th April 2021 (ID no.

Normative modeling of brain morphometry in Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis.

Importance: The lack of robust neuroanatomical markers of psychosis risk has been traditionally attributed to heterogeneity. A complementary hypothesis is that variation in neuroanatomical measures in the majority of individuals at psychosis risk may be nested within the range observed in healthy individuals.

Objective: To quantify deviations from the normative range of neuroanatomical variation in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) and evaluate their overlap with healthy variation and their association with positive symptoms, cognition, and conversion to a psychotic disorder.

Investigating temporal and prosodic markers in clinical high-risk for psychosis participants using automated acoustic analysis.

Aim: Language disturbances are a candidate biomarker for the early detection of psychosis. Temporal and prosodic abnormalities have been observed in schizophrenia patients, while there is conflicting evidence whether such deficits are present in participants meeting clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) criteria.

Methods: Clinical interviews from CHR-P participants (n = 50) were examined for temporal and prosodic metrics and compared against a group of healthy controls (n = 17) and participants with affective disorders and substance abuse (n = 23).

A systematic review of digital and face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy for depression.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) represents one of the major treatment options for depressive disorders besides pharmacological interventions. While newly developed digital CBT approaches hold important advantages due to higher accessibility, their relative effectiveness compared to traditional CBT remains unclear. We conducted a systematic literature search to identify all studies that conducted a CBT-based intervention (face-to-face or digital) in patients with major depression.