Paleoamygdala: morphogenesis of the posterior cortical nucleus of the rat amygdaloid complex of the brain during the early juvenile period.

Sex-related differences and the dynamic of formation of the posterior cortical nucleus of the rat amygdaloid complex were revealed in the early juvenile period by planimetric characteristics, numbers of neurons and glial cells, and glial and apoptotic indexes reflecting morphological restructuring on postnatal days 21, 24, 28, and 31.

Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans.

We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had ∼44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.

Cytokinin producing bacteria stimulate amino acid deposition by wheat roots.

Phytohormone production is one mechanism by which rhizobacteria can stimulate plant growth, but it is not clear whether the bacteria gain from this mechanism. The hypothesis that microbial-derived cytokinin phytohormones stimulate root exudation of amino acids was tested. The rhizosphere of wheat plants was drenched with the synthetic cytokinin trans-zeatin or inoculated with Bacillus subtilis IB-22 (which produces zeatin type cytokinins) or B.

The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic.

The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively well-researched archaeology, but an understanding of its genetic history is lacking. We present genome-wide sequence data from ancient and present-day humans from Greenland, Arctic Canada, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Siberia. We show that Paleo-Eskimos (~3000 BCE to 1300 CE) represent a migration pulse into the Americas independent of both Native American and Inuit expansions.

Brain derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) and personality traits: the modifying effect of season of birth and sex.

Personality traits are complex phenotypes influenced by interactions of multiple genetic variants of small effect and environmental factors. It has been suggested that the brain derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) is involved in personality traits. Season of birth (SOB) has also been shown to affect personality traits due to its influences on brain development during prenatal and early postnatal periods.

No evidence from genome-wide data of a Khazar origin for the Ashkenazi Jews.

The origin and history of the Ashkenazi Jewish population have long been of great interest, and advances in high-throughput genetic analysis have recently provided a new approach for investigating these topics. We and others have argued on the basis of genome-wide data that the Ashkenazi Jewish population derives its ancestry from a combination of sources tracing to both Europe and the Middle East. It has been claimed, however, through a reanalysis of some of our data, that a large part of the ancestry of the Ashkenazi population originates with the Khazars, a Turkic-speaking group that lived to the north of the Caucasus region ~1,000 years ago.

Thermodynamics of organic molecule adsorption on sorbents modified with 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil by inverse gas chromatography.

The thermodynamic features of organic molecule adsorption from the gaseous phase of sorbents modified with 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil (HMU) were studied. Molar internal energy and entropy of adsorption variation analyses showed that with every type surface, except for silica gel, layers of supramolecular structure have cavities equal in size with the ones revealed in HMU crystals by X-ray diffraction. Adsorption thermodynamics on HMU-modified sorbents depended on the amount of impregnated HMU and on the polarity, but not the porosity, of the initial sorbent.

Age-Related Hearing Impairment (ARHI) associated with GJB2 single mutation IVS1+1G>A in the Yakut population isolate in Eastern Siberia.

Age-Related Hearing Impairment (ARHI) is one of the frequent sensory disorders registered in 50% of individuals over 80 years. ARHI is a multifactorial disorder due to environmental and poor-known genetic components. In this study, we present the data on age-related hearing impairment of 48 heterozygous carriers of mutation IVS1+1G>A (GJB2 gene) and 97 subjects with GJB2 genotype wt/wt in the Republic of Sakha/Yakutia (Eastern Siberia, Russia).

New inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase catalytic activity based on 2-(3-methylphenyl)propanoic acid and 4-substituted morpholine derivatives.

New potential inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) based on the structure of 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid (an active component of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug Ketoprofen) were designed using the SARD-21 program. The docking of these compounds in the active site of 5-LOX suggested that seven compounds can interact with this enzyme. Two of them can also be dual inhibitors of 5-LOX and two isoforms of cyclooxygenase.

Accumulation of cytokinins in roots and their export to the shoots of durum wheat plants treated with the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP).

Cytokinin flow from roots to shoots can serve as a long-distance signal important for root-to-shoot communication. In the past, changes in cytokinin flow from roots to shoots have been mainly attributed to changes in the rate of synthesis or breakdown in the roots. The present research tested the possibility that active uptake of cytokinin by root cells may also influence its export to shoots.

The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a.

R1a-M420 is one of the most widely spread Y-chromosome haplogroups; however, its substructure within Europe and Asia has remained poorly characterized. Using a panel of 16 244 male subjects from 126 populations sampled across Eurasia, we identified 2923 R1a-M420 Y-chromosomes and analyzed them to a highly granular phylogeographic resolution. Whole Y-chromosome sequence analysis of eight R1a and five R1b individuals suggests a divergence time of ∼25,000 (95% CI: 21,300-29,000) years ago and a coalescence time within R1a-M417 of ∼5800 (95% CI: 4800-6800) years.

Paleoamygdala and biogenic amines: effect of gender factor and sex steroid content on their content and metabolism.

The content of biogenic amines and their metabolism in the ancient part of the amygdala (paleoamygdala) differ in male and female rats and depended on the phase of the estrous cycle.

Bubble cluster dynamics in an acoustic field.

A mathematical model describing dynamics of the cluster of gas bubbles in an acoustic field is presented. According to this model a cluster is considered as a large drop with microbubbles inside. The proposed model is used as a basis (1) for an analytical study of small bubble oscillations in mono- and polydisperse clusters and (2) for numerical investigations of nonlinear bubble oscillations and of the diffusion stability of gas bubbles in the cluster.

[Cajal body in the neuroendocrine neurons of the paleoamygdala].

The article demonstrates the ultrastructure of Cajal body (CB) that was detected during the electron microscopic study of nucleoplasm of the neuroendocrine neurons of the paleoamygdala of the adult Wistar rats in the study of the dynamics of their functional states throughout the estrous cycle. CB is located in the nucleoplasm close to the nucleolus and appears as a polygon structure, having the size of 0.4 x 0.

Localization of CART-positive neurons in the amygdaloid body and the relationship between their immunoreactivity and the sex steroid level.

This is the first study reporting the locations of neurons expressing CART peptide (cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript) throughout all the nuclear and paleocortical formations of the amygdaloid body (AB) and demonstrating the effects of sex steroids on immunoreactivity. The immunocytochemical reaction was performed on frontal brain sections from adult rats (seven females in estrus, seven females in metestrus, and seven males). The proportions of immunoreactive neurons to the total number of neurons in adjacent sections stained by the Nissl method were assessed in estrus and metestrus.

Morphogenesis of the paleoamygdala during the early juvenile period in rats.

Structural rearrangements in the paleoamygdala during the early juvenile period of development were characterized in studies on 40 Wistar rats of both sexes on days 21, 24, 28, and 31 of postnatal life. Serial frontal sections of the brain stained with cresyl violet by the Nissl method were used to study the cytoarchitectonics of structures within the paleoamygdala (the dorsomedial (Med), the posterior medial (Mep), and posterior cortical (Cop) nuclei) and the dynamics of their formation by recording of planimetric characteristics, with measurements of the numbers of neurons and gliocytes and calculation of glial and apoptotic indexes. The results obtained from these experiments provided evidence for heterochronous morphogenesis and sex-related differences in the differentiation of paleoamygdalar structures.

Expression of CART peptide in the paleoamygdala neurons and its relationship with sex hormone levels.

The location of CART peptide in the paleoamygdala neurons was studied by immunocytochemical reaction. Significant differences in the number of immunoreactive cells and optical density of CART-positive neurons detected over the course of the estrous cycle indicate modulating effects of sex steroids on the expression of CART peptide.

Morphogenesis of the dorsomedial nucleus of the amygdaloid complex in early juvenile period in rats.

We studied the dynamics and gender differences in the formation of the dorsomedial nucleus of the amygdaloid complex in early juvenile period (postnatal days 21, 24, 28 and 31) by determining its planimetric parameters, count of neural and glial cells, and glial and apoptotic indexes.

Cytoarchitectonics, neuronal organization, and the effects of gender on the dendroarchitectonics of neurons in the posterior medial nucleus of the amygdaloid body in rats.

The aim of the present work was to analyze the cytoarchitectonics, neuronal organization, and effects of gender on the dendroarchitectonics of neurons in the posterior medial nucleus of the amygdaloid body of the brain. Studies were performed using 50 mature Wistar rats (25 male, 25 female) using the Nissl and Golgi methods. The nucleus was found to consists of large neurons, which on silver nitrate impregnation had the characteristics typical of long-axon sparsely branched and densely-branched neurons.

Structural and functional characteristics of the dorsomedial nucleus of the cerebral amygdaloid complex in male rats.

We developed a classification of neuroendocrine neurons of the dorsomedial nucleus of the cerebral amigdaloid complex of male rats; characteristics of these cells are presented.

Electron-microscopic characteristics of neuroendocrine neurons in the amygdaloid body of the brain in male rats and female rats at different stages of the estral cycle.

The ultrastructural features of neuroendocrine neurons in the dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) of the amygdaloid body of the brain - one of the major zones of sexual dimorphism - in 12 Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were studied in three males and nine females at different stages of the estral cycle. On the basis of ultrastructural characteristics, analysis of the functional states of an average of 50 DMN neurons were studied in each animal. A morphofunctional classification reflecting hormone-dependent variations in neuron activity is proposed.

Effects of the gender factor and neonatal androgenization on the dendroarchitectonics of neurons in the dorsomedial nucleus of the amygdaloid body of the brain.

The aim of the present work was to identify gender-related differences in the dendroarchitectonics of neurons in the dorsomedial nucleus of the amygdaloid body and the role of androgens in their formation during period of sexual differentiation of the brain in rats. Studies using the Golgi method showed that the quantitative characteristics of long-axon sparsely branched neurons of all classes - neuroblast-like, short-dendrite, and reticular - reflected the influences of gender. In particular, long-axon sparsely branched neurons were found to have more abundant branching primary dendrites and greater total dendrite lengths in adult males than in females.

Structural organization, neurochemical characteristics, and connections of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus.

This review analyzes current concepts of the structural organization and ultrastructure of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (RNT) and the neurochemical characteristics of its neurons. The topography, cytoarchitectonics, and neuronal organization of this nucleus are considered in detail, as are questions of its neurogenesis. Neurochemical data clarifying the representation of neurotransmitter systems in the RNT and data on neuropeptides synthesized in its neurons are systematized.