IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045.

Aims: To provide global, regional, and country-level estimates of diabetes prevalence and health expenditures for 2021 and projections for 2045.

Methods: A total of 219 data sources meeting pre-established quality criteria reporting research conducted between 2005 and 2020 and representing 215 countries and territories were identified. For countries without data meeting quality criteria, estimates were extrapolated from countries with similar economies, ethnicity, geography and language.

Assessment of Factors Associated With Non-Compliance to Self-Management Practices in People With Type 2 Diabetes.

Aim and objective Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that requires continuous self-management practices. The aim of our study is to assess the factors resulting in non-compliance with self-management practices in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), a tertiary care center in Karachi, Pakistan, from March 2019 to May 2019.

Long-Term Neurological Impact of COVID-19.

Introduction: Recent research has observed the ability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to spread in the brain from the respiratory system. The associated neurological disorder includes encephalopathies, inflammatory syndromes, stroke, peripheral neuropathies, and various other central nervous system disorders. This study aims to highlight the long-term neurological sequelae in patients with COVID-19 disease.

Analysis of Ionic-Exchange of Selected Elements between Novel Nano-Hydroxyapatite-Silica Added Glass Ionomer Cement and Natural Teeth.

One of the foremost missions in restorative dentistry is to discover a suitable material that can substitute lost and damaged tooth structure. To this date, most of the restorative materials utilized in dentistry are bio-inert. It is predicted that the addition of nano-HA-SiO to GIC matrix could produce a material with better ion-exchange between the restorative material and natural teeth.

Gastrointestinal Manifestation of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients.

Introduction: During the initial phase of the pandemic, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were less frequent but during the later stages, GI manifestations have become more frequent. This study aims to explore the prevalence of GI symptoms in COVID-19 patients, and also focuses on the frequency of these symptoms.

Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted in a COVID-19 unit of a tertiary care hospital, Pakistan.

Zinc Micronutrient Deficiency and Its Prevalence in Malnourished Pediatric Children as Compared to Well-Nourished Children: A Nutritional Emergency.

Pediatric populations from lower-income countries may experience a higher incidence of zinc deficiency, which may cause physical and neurological dysfunctions. This case control study aims to assess different levels of zinc between malnourished and well-nourished children. Our study included 108 participants, all children less than 12 years of age.

Accuracy of Spontaneous Breathing Trial Using ET-CPAP in Predicting Successful Extubation of Neonates.

Objective: Extubation failure is common in mechanically ventilated neonates. Finding objective criteria for predicting successful extubation may help to reduce the incidence of failure and the length of mechanical ventilation (MV). We conducted this study to determine the accuracy of the spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) and lung function measurements in predicting successful extubation in neonates.

Effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function of people with diabetes; a prospective longitudinal study.

Aim: To observe the effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function of people with diabetes.

Methods: This prospective, observational, and longitudinal study was conducted at Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, between April-July 2019. People with type2 diabetes mellitus were recruited using convenient sampling.

COVID-19 and metabolic disease: mechanisms and clinical management.

Up to 50% of the people who have died from COVID-19 had metabolic and vascular disorders. Notably, there are many direct links between COVID-19 and the metabolic and endocrine systems. Thus, not only are patients with metabolic dysfunction (eg, obesity, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes) at an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 but also infection with SARS-CoV-2 might lead to new-onset diabetes or aggravation of pre-existing metabolic disorders.

Self-perceived competence of dental students regarding the management of orofacial pain: a cross-sectional study.

Background: There is limited data on Pakistani dental students perceived competence in managing orofacial pain (OFP). This study aims to evaluate dental students self-perceived competence regarding the management of orofacial pain.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Karachi at randomly selected two public and four private dental schools.

Association Between Coronary Artery Disease and Plasma Omentin-1 Levels.

Introduction: Omentin-1 is secreted from visceral adipose tissue that contributes to chronic inflammatory diseases' pathogenesis, including cardiovascular events. In this case-control study, we will determine the association between plasma omentin and coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods: This is a case-control study, conducted from June 2020 to April 2021 in the cardiology unit of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.

Persistent organic pollutants distribution in plasma lipoprotein fractions.

This study determines the associations among serum lipid profiles, risk of cardiovascular disease, and persistent organic pollutants. Using Gas chromatography technique, the intensity of toxic pollutant residues in serum samples of Hypertensive patients were measured. Based on statistical analysis, the effects of different covariates namely pesticides, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and lipid profile duration was checked using the logistic regression model.

A Case of Early Diagnosis of Turner Syndrome in a Neonate.

Turner syndrome (TS), or Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome, also known as congenital ovarian hypoplasia syndrome, is the most common sex chromosome abnormality in females in approximately 1 in 2000 live birth. It occurs when the X chromosome is partially or completely missing in females caused by monosomy or structural abnormalities of the X chromosome. It is mainly diagnosed in late childhood or adolescent age and rarely identified during the neonatal period.

Risk Perception and Willingness to Work Among Doctors and Medical Students of Karachi, Pakistan During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey.

Purpose: During the timeline of twenty years, several epidemics and pandemics have occurred. Yet, a consistent feature of these public health crises is the surge in the demand for healthcare services exceeds the availability.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted in the month of June and July 2020 in Karachi, Pakistan.

Middle Cranial Fossa Approach: The Incudomalleolar Joint as a Reliable Landmark.

 The middle cranial fossa approach is performed by fewer neurotologists owing to a reduced number of indications. Consistent landmarks are mandatory to guide the surgeon in a narrow field.  We have evaluated the incus and malleus head and the incudomalleal joint (IMJ) as a key landmark for identifying the superior semicircular canal (SSC) and to get oriented along the floor of the middle cranial fossa.

Anti-inflammatory and histopathological studies of leaves extracts of Croton bonplandianus in Albino rats.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used for the treatment and prevention of inflammation with the increase in number of side effects. Traditional plants have been used to treat inflammation owing to lesser adverse responses. Croton bonplandianus being an anti-inflammatory plant is extensively utilized all over the world.

Association of IL-6 & IL-1β (pro-inflammatory cytokines) and related biochemical indexes in newly diagnosed diabetics subjected to glucose tolerance test.

The study proposed to find out the association of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 & IL-1β) and related biochemical indexes in newly diagnosed diabetes (NDD) subjects as compared to healthy subjects. This clinical prospective research was done with collaboration of University of Karachi and Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology between November 2018 to May 2019. Demographics and anthropometric details were noted on predesigned questionnaire.

Triple-Negative Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma: Association of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression With Prognostic Parameters and Clinical Outcome.

Introduction Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is one of the rare special subtypes of breast carcinoma associated with poor prognostic features compared with invasive ductal carcinoma. Moreover, therapeutic options are limited in MBC owing to frequent triple-negative profiles of these tumors. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a proto-oncogene that is overexpressed in many human cancers, and is a potential therapeutic target.

Assessing learning styles of medical students using Kolb's learning style inventory and their association with preferred teaching methodologies.

Objective: To determine the frequency of learning styles of medical students and their association with preferred teaching methodologies.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Baqai Medical College, Gadap, Karachi, form July to October 2019, and comprised medical students regardless of age, gender and academic year. David Kolb's learning style questionnaire, along with another questionnaire, was used to collect data.