Electrosurgical unit in GI endoscopy: the proper settings for practice.

Introduction: Electrosurgical unit (ESU) is integral to the endoscopy unit. The proper knowledge of the Mode with setting is essential for good therapeutic outcomes and the safety of the patients.

Areas Covered: ESU generates high-frequency electric current, which could perform cutting and coagulation for various therapeutic interventions.

"The Bitter Truth of Sugar"-Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis due to Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors: A Case Series.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute and major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), both type I and type II. Biochemically, DKA consists of a triad of blood sugar levels greater than 250 mg/dL, ketonemia of greater than 3 mmol/L and/or significant ketonuria, and a blood pH less than 7.3 with an increased anion gap.

Marchiafawa bignami disease possibly related to consumption of a locally brewed alcoholic beverage: Report of two cases.

Marchiafava Bignami disease is a rare toxic disease seen mostly in chronic alcoholics, resulting in progressive demyelination and necrosis of the corpus callosum. Initially it was thought to be specific to individuals in central Italy, consuming large amounts of Chianti red wine; however, alcoholic beverages worldwide are presently implicated. In our case series of two cases, locally made "illicit" liquor (Mahuwa Alcohol) could be the causative factor.

Dorsolateral onlay urethroplasty for anterior urethral strictures by a unilateral urethral mobilization approach.

Context: For management of long segment anterior urethral stricture, dorsal onlay urethroplasty is currently the most favored single-stage procedure. Conventional dorsal onlay urethroplasty requires circumferential mobilization of the urethra, which might cause ischemia of the urethra in addition to chordee.

Aims: To determine the feasibility and short-term outcomes of applying a dorsolateral free graft to treat anterior urethral stricture by unilateral urethral mobilization through a perineal approach.

An interesting case of arterio-veinous malformation in the neck.

An arterio-veinous malformation can be acquired and is rarely congenital. It usually presents with cosmetic deformity. If large it may manifest features of haemodynamic changes.