How Do Common Marmosets Maintain the Balance Between Response Execution and Action Inhibition?

Socio-dynamic situations require a balance between response execution and action inhibition. Nonadaptive imbalance between response inhibition and execution exists in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychological disorders. To investigate the underlying neural mechanisms of cognitive control and the related deficits, comparative studies in human and nonhuman primates are crucial.

FXYD3 Is Frequently Expressed in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma but Does Not Predict Survival.

Background: FXYD3 is a Na/K-ATPase modulator which is upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but its prognostic role is unknown. This study evaluated FXYD3 expression in chemo-naive patients with surgically-resected PDAC at a single centre (1993-2014).

Method: FXYD3 expression was assessed in tumour specimens using immunohistochemistry.

What is a Good Outcome of an Inpatient Perinatal Mental Health Admission? Developing an Innovative Evaluation Plan for a New Unit.

Rationale: Developing a feasible and sensitive evaluation strategy for a new mental health service is a challenge that requires consideration of what a service is trying to achieve and what a 'good' outcome might look like. Perinatal mental illnesses are complex in their causes and treatment. Mother Baby Units provide specialist perinatal mental health care to parents experiencing mental illness in the perinatal period, with evaluations demonstrating clinical and social outcomes.

Developing Topics.

Background: Memory training is associated with improved performance on memory tasks among cognitively healthy older people and those with subjective cognitive decline (SCD; Hill et al. 2017), however, demonstration of cross-modal generalisation has been less consistent. Preliminary evidence suggests that training olfactory memory in young adults leads to the transfer of gains to visual memory tasks (Olofsson et al 2020).

Developing Topics.

Background: Many carers of people living with dementia display misperceptions and negative attitudes about dementia due to limited education. This stigma can impact care and the accessibility of appropriate support services. Culturally diverse people living with dementia and their carers remain underserviced and lack culturally inclusive resources despite having specialised dementia needs.

Developing Topics.

Background: Amyloid deposition occurs during the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) a decade or more before clinical symptoms emerge. We leveraged blood transcriptomics and positron emission tomography (PET) measures of amyloidosis to identify cell types and gene networks in the blood that relate to amyloid burden in the brain.

Method: Whole blood RNA sequencing and amyloid PET data were leveraged from 1771 participants (62% females, mean age 71, 32% amyloid+) in the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease (A4) Study.

Developing Topics.

Background: The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has distinct cortical subregions that are differentially vulnerable to pathology and neurodegeneration in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, previous protocols for segmentation of MTL cortical subregions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) vary substantially across research groups, and have been informed by different cytoarchitectonic definitions, precluding consistent interpretations. The Hippocampal Subfields Group aims to create a harmonized, histology-based protocol for segmentation of MTL cortical subregions that can reliably be applied to T2-weighted MRI with high in-plane resolution.

Developing Topics.

Background: Worldwide, coffee and tea are two of the most popular beverages consumed. Studies have suggested a protective role of coffee and tea, including reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease. However, longitudinal data from large cohorts of older adults reporting associations of coffee and tea intake with cognitive decline is limited.

Developing Topics.

Background: The residual approach has found wide application in researching cognitive resilience, a phenomenon conceptually understood as cognitive performance being better-than-typical for an individual, despite apparent AD pathology. The standard residual approach extracts information about an individual's resilience from the residuals of a linear model predicting cognition. This approach is subject to several limiting assumptions.

Developing Topics.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and is characterized by clinical symptoms that include deficits in memory and cognition. There is an urgent need to better identify the neural networks that govern cognitive processes in humans and how they are impacted by AD pathology. The brainstem is a critical region that 'connects' the forebrain and the spinal cord and contains various nuclei involved in autonomic and complex functions (e.

Developing Topics.

Background: Amyloid PET (Positron Emission Tomography) is crucial in detecting amyloid burden within the brain. However, the diversity of amyloid tracers and the scarcity of paired data significantly challenge the collaboration between cross-center studies. In this research, we introduce a novel patch-based 3D end-to-end image transformation model.

Developing Topics.

Background: Evidence is growing supporting sex- and gender- specific differences in risk factors for dementia, and varying pathways to diagnosis. Recognized sex differences in brain structure and function could contribute to differences in plasma biomarker concentrations and in susceptibility to brain pathologies. Furthermore, differences in comorbidities between males and females (e.

Developing Topics.

Background: Blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are ideally suited for use at the population level for screening, diagnosis, and for serial assessments to track disease progression. However, a number of critical knowledge gaps remain. Importantly, 1) these biomarkers have not been sufficiently examined in longitudinal studies of older community-based populations without diagnosed dementia; and 2) it is unclear how participant characteristics such as sociodemographic characteristics and chronic conditions affect the clinical interpretation of these biomarkers.

Developing Topics.

Background: The 2021 WHO report highlights the importance of global planning for dementia. Initiatives that unite and support young leaders and stakeholders from diverse backgrounds in dementia care & research are crucial. The G8 Summit on Dementia in 2013 led to the creation of the World Dementia Council and the World Young Leaders in Dementia (WYLD) network, which connects professionals to work together on finding solutions to dementia challenges.

Developing Topics.

Background: Mounting evidence indicates that the accumulation of amyloid in AD starts 20 to 30 years before clinically detectable cognitive impairment is observed, suggesting the presence of a long period of asymptomatic AD. Although the specific onset of this preclinical period is difficult to target, it is potentially significant to identify subjects in this asymptomatic preclinical stage of the disease. This is because newly developed disease modifying treatments may have increased effectiveness if begun during this asymptomatic period.

Developing Topics.

Background: Despite recent success in AD clinical trials, many obstacles still prevent effectively halting disease progression. Many suspect that treating subjects earlier in the disease process will be key to providing more effective treatment. Better early diagnostics will aid the design and execution of prevention and early AD studies.

Healthcare costs of systemic lupus erythematosus in New Zealand.

Objectives: This study aims to estimate the annual medical costs of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in New Zealand (NZ).

Methods: SLE patients were linked to the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, Pharmaceutical Collection, National Minimum Dataset, National Non-Admitted Patients Collection and Mortality Collection. National direct medical costs of SLE in 2006-2021 and annual costs per patient were estimated.

Developing Topics.

Background: Previous models of resilience to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have relied on cross-sectional designs and inclusion of measures of neuropathology. Here, we present a novel modeling approach incorporating longitudinal data and the use of APOE and higher order interaction terms to approximate neuropathological resilience, vastly increasing participant diversity and statistical power. We validate this approach and report novel genetic associations with neuropathological resilience.

Alzheimer's Imaging Consortium.

Background: Tau-PET imaging allows in-vivo detection of neurofibrillary tangles. One tau-PET tracer (i.e.

A review of the empirical evidence for costs of plasticity in ectothermic animals.

Phenotypic plasticity can represent a vital adaptive response to environmental stressors, including those associated with climate change. Despite its evolutionary advantages, the expression of plasticity varies significantly within and among species, and is likely to be influenced by local environmental conditions. This variability in plasticity has important implications for evolutionary biology and conservation physiology.

Alzheimer's Imaging Consortium.

Background: Elevated iron in brain is a source of free radicals that causes oxidative stress which has been linked to neuropathologies and cognitive impairment among older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of iron levels with transverse relaxation rate, R2, and white matter hyperintensities (WMH), independent of the effects of other metals and age-related neuropathologies.

Method: Cerebral hemispheres from 437 older adults participating in the Rush Memory and Aging Project study (Table 1) were imaged ex-vivo using 3T MRI scanners.

Alzheimer's Imaging Consortium.

Background: The Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome (MCR) is a predementia stage characterized by slow gait speed and subjective cognitive complaints. Defining the heterogeneity of brain volumetrics in individuals with MCR will improve current dementia risk assessments.

Method: We used data from 6 cohorts from the MCR consortium (N=2,007).

Alzheimer's Imaging Consortium.

Background: In early Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation is associated with volume loss in the basal forebrain (BF) and cognitive decline. However, the extent to which Aβ-related BF atrophy manifests as cognitive decline is not understood. This study sought to characterize the relationships between Aβ burden, BF atrophy, and the decline in memory and attention in older individuals without dementia.

Alzheimer's Imaging Consortium.

Background: Tau PET is instrumental in tracking the longitudinal progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 18F-MK6240 is a high affinity tracer targeting the 3R/4R paired helical filaments of tau in AD. We aimed to evaluate the early phase of the natural progression of tau accumulation using 18F-MK6240.

Alzheimer's Imaging Consortium.

Background: PET quantification using the Standardised Uptake Value Ratio (SUVR) relies on the availability of a robust reference region. Intrinsic noise, spill in, and specific binding in the reference region can impact the reliability of the resulting SUVR. We evaluate a novel deep learning method trained on longitudinal data that penalises unexpected temporal changes and learns a SUVR correction factor that compensates for any noise or bias in the reference region, resulting in an improved quantification.