Biomechanical Principles of Intramedullary Nails in Veterinary and Human Medicine.

Intramedullary nails are specialized metal rods inserted into the medullary cavity of a fractured bone and secured to reduce load on the fracture site, provide stability, and permit healing. The purpose of this review is to highlight the biomechanics of orthopaedic intramedullary nailing, as well as discuss the biomechanical considerations that have shaped implant design and fixation technique in veterinary and human medicine. Relevant studies were included from the PubMed database and Google Scholar for discussion on the basic science and nail design of intramedullary nails.

Protection Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine Recombinants and Chicken-Selected Vaccine Subpopulations.

Outbreaks of infectious bronchitis (IB) continue to occur from novel variants of IB virus (IBV) emerging from selection of vaccine subpopulations and/or naturally occurring recombination events. S1 sequencing of Arkansas (Ark) -type viruses obtained from clinical cases in Alabama broilers and backyard chickens shows both Ark Delmarva Poultry Industry (ArkDPI) vaccine subpopulations as well as Ark vaccine viruses showing recombination with other IB vaccine viruses. IB Ark-type isolates AL5, most similar to an ArkDPI vaccine subpopulation selected in chickens, AL4, showing a cluster of three nonsynonymous changes from ArkDPI subpopulations selected in chickens, and AL9, showing recombination with Massachusetts (Mass) -type IBV, were examined for pathogenicity and ability to break through immunity elicited by vaccination with a commercial ArkDPI vaccine.

Urinary syndecan-1 in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane or sevoflurane: A randomized, prospective study.

Background: Syndecan-1 (SDC1) is an established marker of endothelial glycocalyx shedding. Most research on SDC1 has focused on plasma or serum concentrations, and little is known about urine concentrations.

Objectives: Measure urinary SDC1 concentrations in dogs undergoing anesthesia with either sevoflurane or isoflurane and assess the effects of anesthesia duration and IV crystalloids on urinary SDC1 concentrations.

Prognostic indicators of outcome in nonambulatory beef cattle presented to 2 referral hospitals: A retrospective study of 63 cases.

Background: Down cow syndrome is commonly described in dairy cattle. The diagnosis and treatment of nonambulatory cattle is challenging and prognostic indicators of this condition in beef cattle have not been determined.

Objectives: Evaluate records of beef cattle (≥2 years of age) presented to 2 referral hospitals for inability to stand and identify prognostic indicators for survival to discharge.

Incidence and characterization of aerophagia in dogs using videofluoroscopic swallow studies.

Background: Aerophagia (ingestion of air), is a functional aerodigestive disorder in people. Criteria for diagnosis of aerophagia in dogs are >1/3 of bolus volume containing air or ingested air resulting in gastric distention (>1/3 of end gastric volume). Aerophagia is highlighted during eating and drinking.

Ultrasound-guided and 'blind' sciatic nerve injection techniques: Comparison in rat cadavers.

Objective: To compare the success rate and extent of sciatic nerve staining with a bupivacaine-dye solution using two injection techniques: 'blind' or ultrasound-guided approach.

Study Design: Prospective, experimental, randomized, cadaveric study.

Animals: Adult female Wistar rat cadavers [n = 24, mass 352 g (323-374)].

Nation-Wide Variation in Presence of Legislation or Protocols for EMS Care of Operational Canines.

Background & Aims: Deployment of law enforcement operational canines (OpK9s) risks injuries to the animals. This study's aim was to assess the current status of states' OpK9 (veterinary Emergency Medical Services [VEMS]) laws and care protocols within the United States.

Methods: Cross-sectional standardized review of state laws/regulations and OpK9 VEMS treatment protocols was undertaken.

Evaluation of Canine Shoulder Arthroscopy for Anatomical and Safety Considerations.

Introduction:  Arthroscopy is a well-established diagnostic modality for various orthopaedic conditions in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship of canine shoulder arthroscopy portals to major muscular, ligamentous, and neurovascular structures for anatomical and safety considerations.

Materials And Methods:  Arthroscopic exploration of 20 adult canine cadaver shoulders was performed.

Ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block in Wistar rat cadavers: Relevant anatomy and injection distribution.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of an ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block by describing the sonoanatomy and comparing the distribution of two volumes of bupivacaine dye solution for nerve staining.

Study Design: Randomized, experimental, assessor-blinded cadaveric study.

Animals: A total of 40 adult female Wistar rat cadavers.

Abnormalities of the Scrotum and Testes.

Abnormalities of the bovine scrotum and testes are an important cause of infertility. Proper evaluation of the male reproductive system is a critical first step in screening for such abnormalities. Excessive periscrotal fat, cutaneous scrotal defects, and unilateral scrotal swelling are common deformities that warrant further investigation.

Medical and Surgical Management of Conditions of the Penis and Prepuce.

The inability of a bull to reproduce due to its inability to impregnant fertile cows is called impotentia generandi. This infertility may be due to the inability to achieve erection, the inability to complete coitus, or the inability to produce an adequate volume of morphologically normal spermatozoa. Therapies targeting the urogenital tract of the bull can restore reproductive capabilities.

Doxorubicin and zoledronate treatment in a dog with hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma.

A 6-year-old castrated male greyhound dog was referred for hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma (HHS) diagnosed following splenectomy. Severe thrombocytopenia, mild hypoalbuminemia, mild hypocholesterolemia, and mild hyperbilirubinemia were present. Abdominal ultrasound findings were concerning for hepatic metastasis.

Single-Nuclei Multiome (ATAC + Gene Expression) Sequencing of a Primary Canine Osteosarcoma Elucidates Intra-Tumoral Heterogeneity and Characterizes the Tumor Microenvironment.

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a highly aggressive bone tumor primarily affecting pediatric or adolescent humans and large-breed dogs. Canine OSA shares striking similarities with its human counterpart, making it an invaluable translational model for uncovering the disease's complexities and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Tumor heterogeneity, a hallmark of OSA, poses significant challenges to effective treatment due to the evolution of diverse cell populations that influence tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapies.

The impact of single-dose trazodone administration on plasma endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone and serum cortisol concentrations in healthy dogs.

Background: Conditions affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are common in dogs. Testing the function of the HPA axis includes measurement of endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (eACTH) and performance of an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. Trazodone is commonly administered to dogs to decrease stress.

Association of the FGF4L2 retrogene with fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy in dogs.

Background: Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy (FCE) is a well-documented condition in dogs although rarely reported in chondrodystrophic breeds. Genetic associations have not been defined.

Objectives: Define the association of the chondrodystrophy-associated FGF4L2 retrogene with histopathologically confirmed cases of FCE.

Novel genomic prognostic biomarkers for dogs with cancer.

Background: Growing evidence from dogs and humans supports the abundance of mutation-based biomarkers in tumors of dogs. Increasing the use of clinical genomic diagnostic testing now provides another powerful data source for biomarker discovery.

Hypothesis: Analyzed clinical outcomes in dogs with cancer profiled using SearchLight DNA, a cancer gene panel for dogs, to identify mutations with prognostic value.

Observations about declining fertility in a feline breeding colony.

Feline breeding colonies are important to the feline industry by preserving traits desirable for a particular breed or in research settings by maintaining medically valuable genetic traits. As breeding females age, their reproductive efficiency declines. The objective of this study was to determine the most common causes of infertility in breeding females that were producing fewer kittens.

Comparative Evaluation of GS-441524, Teriflunomide, Ruxolitinib, Molnupiravir, Ritonavir, and Nirmatrelvir for In Vitro Antiviral Activity against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), caused by feline coronavirus (FcoV), is considered one of the most enigmatic diseases in cats. Developing effective drugs for FIP is crucial due to its global prevalence and severity. In this study, six antiviral drugs were tested for their cytotoxicity, cell viability, and antiviral efficacies in Crandell-Reese feline kidney cells.

A nationwide serological survey for Dirofilaria immitis in companion cats in the United States of America: 3.5% antibody and 0.3% antigen positivity.

Background: Feline heartworm disease (HWD) is a complex and often misdiagnosed disease in cats, caused by the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis. Despite its significant impact, studies reporting the prevalence of D. immitis in apparently healthy pet cats in the USA are lacking.

Introduction to Equine Biologic and Regenerative Therapies.

Regenerative medicine is defined as the process of replacing or regenerating cells, tissues, or organs to restore or establish normal function. The use of regenerative medicine in equine practice to treat injured musculoskeletal tissues with limited capacity for intrinsic healing is growing. This article provides the practitioner with a brief and basic overview of the regenerative products currently used in equine practice.

Longitudinal evaluation of fentanyl concentrations in equine plasma and synovial fluid following application of transdermal fentanyl patches over one carpal joint.

Objective: To determine if transdermally delivered fentanyl can achieve greater concentrations of fentanyl in synovial fluid when applied over a synovial structure.

Study Design: Randomized, experimental study.

Animals: Six healthy adult horses.