Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain.

Background: Infant acute pain and distress is commonplace. Infancy is a period of exponential development. Unrelieved pain and distress can have implications across the lifespan.

Ethical reasoning and the embodied, socially situated subject.

My discussion is concerned with how symbolic power constitutively structures our very identities in relation to one another and at the bodily level of lived experience. Although many accounts of the self and of subjectivity as socially situated have difficulties in their explanations of agency, Zaner's work suggests a basis upon which the self's independence from others can be understood. His phenomenology of embodied subjectivity explains how the emerging self presupposes presence with others.

Understanding geophagy in animals: standard procedures for sampling soils.

Geophagy or soil ingestion is a multidisciplinary phenomenon that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years; who have sought to understand why a large number of animals consume natural earths. To find out why animals ingest soils, it is of paramount importance to establish standard methods to analyze comestible soil. Researchers have used different methods to examine soils ingested by animals, often with incomplete or inconclusive results.

The generativist-interactionist debate over specific language impairment: psycholinguistics at a crossroads.

Certain defining problems in psychology force us to clarify both the origins and the limits of a paradigm that has long governed our thinking in a particular area of research. The current debate over the nature and causes of specific language impairment is proving to be just such an issue. In particular, the existence of the KE family, 15 of whose 37 members suffer from specific language impairment, has raised far-reaching questions about the conceptual foundations of our current views about language deficits and, indeed, about language development in general.

Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect.

The "Mozart effect" refers to claims that people perform better on tests of spatial abilities after listening to music composed by Mozart. We examined whether the Mozart effect is a consequence of between-condition differences in arousal and mood. Participants completed a test of spatial abilities after listening to music or sitting in silence.

Persisting while wanting to change: women's lived experiences.

This article presents an inquiry into a common lived experience, which the author named persisting while wanting to change to signify the struggle of trying to change health patterns. Parse's phenomenological-hermeneutic methodology was used to investigate the phenomenon, as it is lived by women in an abusive relationship. Through dialogical engagement with the researcher, eight women described their experiences of persisting while wanting to change.

Popular cinema and lesbian interpretive strategies.

In its examination of the relationship between popular film and lesbian viewing practices, this study attempts to more fully elucidate current ideas around audience engagement and forms of cultural reception. Drawing on 15 in-depth interviews conducted in Western Canada in 1996, the results clearly demonstrate the existence of active lesbian viewers, whose interpretations of popular film are intimately informed by lesbian-specific life experiences and cultural competencies. Although the social conditions which create the need for resistant viewing are themselves oppressive, subversion of mainstream film holds out some possibility of empowerment for lesbian viewers.

Expectancies generated by recent exposure to melodic sequences.

In four experiments, we examined the effects of exposure to unfamiliar tone sequences on melodic expectancy and memory. In Experiment 1, 30 unfamiliar tone sequences (target sequences) were presented to listeners three times each in random order (exposure phase), and listeners recorded the number of notes in each sequence. Listeners were then presented target and novel sequences and rated how well the final note continued the pattern of notes that preceded it.

The professional is political: an interpretation of the problem of the past in solution-focused therapy.

This paper proposes that therapists subject their work to radical doubt designed to uncover and interpret the micro-politics that in here in professional knowledge and practice. Using Orlie's notion of trespass, the approach to the past employed by solution-focused therapies is examined. These trespasses involve the therapy's silence about the meaning of injustice; its role in relation to social movements; and its potential to reproduce relations of domination.

Spatial memory and foraging competition in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).

Spatial memory and foraging competition were investigated in three mother/offspring pairs of western lowland gorillas,Gorilla gorilla gorilla, using a naturalistic foraging task at the Toronto Zoo. Sixteen permanent food sites were placed throughout the animals' enclosures. All of the sites were baited and a pair of animals was free to visit the sites and collect the food.

Finke's 1792 map of human diseases: the first world disease map?

Documentary evidence reveals that a German physician L.L. Finke produced a world map of diseases in 1792.

Alfred Haviland's nineteenth-century map analysis of the geographical distribution of diseases in England and Wales.

The nineteenth-century English physician Alfred Haviland used the national mortality statistics for England and Wales to develop an elaborate geographical explanation based on map analysis for the cause of heart, cancer, and tuberculosis deaths. He found that females had higher rates for all three causes of death. However, although his technique was innovative his analysis was flawed.

Expectancies generated by melodic intervals: evaluation of principles of melodic implication in a melody-completion task.

Bottom-up principles of melodic implication (Narmour, 1990) were evaluated in a melody-completion task. One hundred subjects (50 low training; 50 high training in music) were presented each of eight melodic intervals. For each interval, the subjects were asked to compose a short melody on a piano keyboard, treating the interval provided as the first two notes of the melody.

Music performance and the perception of key.

The effect of music performance on perceived key movement was examined. Listeners judged key movement in sequences presented without performance expression (mechanical) in Experiment 1 and with performance expression in Experiment 2. Modulation distance varied.

Geochemical evidence of pollutants from coalfired generating stations in late Pleistocene palaeosols in the Dalijia Shan, northwestern China.

Surface palaeosols in two tills and a diamicton from an area in northwestern China were analysed for geochemical pollutants. Elevated levels of Br, As and Sb indicate that pollution from coal-burning and/or coal-fired electricity generating stations is delivered by aeolian transport into palaeosols dating from the last glaciation. Because the climate in the field area is sub-humid (precipitation <760 mm) the relative movement of soluble elements in palaeosols dating from early and late stades of the last glaciation is not expected to be high.

Daniel Drake's medical geography.

Daniel Drake's two volume study, Principal Diseases of the Interior of North America (1850-1854), is examined in the context of the medical geographical and geographical medical literature of the period. His work covers an in-depth examination of the-geography of the interior of the continent as it relates to disease occurrence. Drake's contribution appears to have occurred independently of the then contemporary European literature.

Fundamental dilemmas of the randomized clinical trial process: results of a survey of the 1,737 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group investigators.

Purpose: We studied oncologists' attitudes and behavior with regard to their participation in randomized clinical trials.

Methods: We surveyed the 1,737 physician members of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) using the Physician Orientation Profile (POP), a self-administered mailed questionnaire. A response rate of 86% was achieved (1,485 of 1,737); each physician's actual patient accrual was recorded.

Sensitivity to combinations of musical parameters: pitch with duration, and pitch pattern with durational pattern.

In four experiments, listeners' sensitivity to combinations of pitch and duration was investigated. Experiments 1-3 involved "textures" of notes, which were created by repeatedly sounding one of two notes (e.g.

Gorillas' (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) spatial memory in a foraging task.

The spatial memory of 2 gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) was explored in a simulated foraging task. Trials consisted of 2 parts separated by a delay. In the 1st part, half of the total number of food sites were baited with a highly preferred food, and the subject was allowed to search, find, and consume these items (search phase).

Lost but not forgotten details: repeated eyewitness recall leads to reminiscence but not hypermnesia.

In 2 experiments, the effects on participants' memory and confidence of repeatedly describing a videotaped crime and of the opportunity to review a previous description were investigated. E. Scrivner and M.

A medical geographical anniversary.

It is now 200 years since L. L. Finke wrote his treatise on a global medical geography, Versuch einer allgemeinen medicinisch-praktischen Geographie.

Modeling perceived relationships between melody, harmony, and key.

Perceptual relationships between four-voice harmonic sequences and single voices were examined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, listeners rated the extent to which single voices were musically consistent with harmonic sequences. When harmonic sequences did not change key, judgments were influenced by three sources of congruency: melody (whether the single voice was the same as the soprano voice of the harmonic sequence), chord progression (whether the single voice could be harmonized to give rise to the chord progression of the harmonic sequence), and key structure (whether or not the single voice implied modulation).