A lightweight generative model for interpretable subject-level prediction.

Recent years have seen a growing interest in methods for predicting an unknown variable of interest, such as a subject's diagnosis, from medical images depicting its anatomical-functional effects. Methods based on discriminative modeling excel at making accurate predictions, but are challenged in their ability to explain their decisions in anatomically meaningful terms. In this paper, we propose a simple technique for single-subject prediction that is inherently interpretable.

Radiosynthesis and evaluation of novel F labeled PET ligands for imaging monoacylglycerol lipase.

Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a 33 kDa cytosolic serine hydrolase that is widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. MAGL hydrolyzes monoacylglycerols into fatty acids and glycerol, playing a crucial role in endocannabinoid degradation. Inhibition of MAGL in the brain elevates levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol and leads to decreased pro-inflammatory prostaglandin and thromboxane production.

High-resolution awake mouse fMRI at 14 tesla.

High-resolution awake mouse functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) remains challenging despite extensive efforts to address motion-induced artifacts and stress. This study introduces an implantable radio frequency (RF) surface coil design that minimizes image distortion caused by the air/tissue interface of mouse brains while simultaneously serving as a headpost for fixation during scanning. Furthermore, this study provides a thorough acclimation method used to accustom animals to the MRI environment minimizing motion-induced artifacts.

How age and culture impact the neural correlates of memory retrieval.

Culture can shape memory, but little research has investigated age effects. The present study examined the neural correlates of memory retrieval for old, new, and similar lures in younger and older Americans and Taiwanese. A total of 207 participants encoded pictures of objects and, during fMRI scanning, completed a surprise object recognition task testing discrimination of similar and new from old items.

Pharmacological treatment in autism: a proposal for guidelines on common co-occurring psychiatric symptoms.

Background: The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has surged, with an estimated 1 in 36 eight-year-olds in the United States meeting criteria for ASD in 2020. Autistic individuals face elevated rates of co-occurring medical, psychiatric, and behavioral conditions compared to non-autistic individuals. The rising ASD-patient demand is increasingly outpacing the capacity of ASD-specialty clinics, resulting in urgent need for autism-competent providers in general practice settings.

Selective Mu-Opioid Receptor Imaging Using F-Labeled Carfentanils.

Carfentanil, a highly potent synthetic opioid, paradoxically serves as a crucial positron emission tomography (PET) imaging tool in neurobiological studies of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) system when labeled with carbon-11 ([C]CFN). However, its clinical research use is hindered by extreme potency and the limited availability of short-lived carbon-11 ( = 20.4 min).

Domain Adversarial Convolutional Neural Network Improves the Accuracy and Generalizability of Wearable Sleep Assessment Technology.

Wearable accelerometers are widely used as an ecologically valid and scalable solution for long-term at-home sleep monitoring in both clinical research and care. In this study, we applied a deep learning domain adversarial convolutional neural network (DACNN) model to this task and demonstrated that this new model outperformed existing sleep algorithms in classifying sleep-wake and estimating sleep outcomes based on wrist-worn accelerometry. This model generalized well to another dataset based on different wearable devices and activity counts, achieving an accuracy of 80.

Development of a PET Probe Targeting Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Proteins for In Vitro and In Vivo Visualization.

Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins are critical regulators of gene transcription, as they recognize acetylated lysine residues. The BD1 bromodomain of BRD4, a member of the BET family, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for various diseases. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel C-11 labeled PET radiotracer, [C]YL10, for imaging the BD1 bromodomain of BRD4 in vivo.

Open-source Large Language Models can Generate Labels from Radiology Reports for Training Convolutional Neural Networks.

Rationale And Objectives: Training Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) requires large datasets with labeled data, which can be very labor-intensive to prepare. Radiology reports contain a lot of potentially useful information for such tasks. However, they are often unstructured and cannot be directly used for training.

Differentiating BOLD and non-BOLD signals in fMRI time series using cross-cortical depth delay patterns.

Over the past two decades, rapid advancements in magnetic resonance technology have significantly enhanced the imaging resolution of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), far surpassing its initial capabilities. Beyond mapping brain functional architecture at unprecedented scales, high-spatial-resolution acquisitions have also inspired and enabled several novel analytical strategies that can potentially improve the sensitivity and neuronal specificity of fMRI. With small voxels, one can sample from different levels of the vascular hierarchy within the cerebral cortex and resolve the temporal progression of hemodynamic changes from parenchymal to pial vessels.

Fast EEG/MEG BEM-based forward problem solution for high-resolution head models.

A fast BEM (boundary element method) based approach is developed to solve an EEG/MEG forward problem for a modern high-resolution head model. The method utilizes a charge-based BEM accelerated by the fast multipole method (BEM-FMM) with an adaptive mesh pre-refinement method (called b-refinement) close to the singular dipole source(s). No costly matrix-filling or direct solution steps typical for the standard BEM are required; the method generates on-skin voltages as well as MEG magnetic fields for high-resolution head models within 90 s after initial model assembly using a regular workstation.

Neural regulation of pain anticipation is associated with mindful behavior change in patients with anxiety or depression: A pilot study.

Behavior change often requires overcoming discomfort or difficult emotions. Emotional dysregulation associated with anxiety or depression may prevent behavior change initiation among people managing chronic illness. Mindfulness training may catalyze chronic disease self-management by reducing experiential avoidance of aversive experiences that act as barriers to change initiation.

Effects of sex on imaging-based intravenous thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke with unknown onset time: a pooled analysis of clinical trials.

Introduction: The effects of imaging-based intravenous thrombolysis on outcomes based on patient sex remain unclear. We aimed to investigate whether outcomes among patients with stroke with an unknown onset time and treated with imaging-based intravenous thrombolysis are influenced by their sex.

Patients And Methods: This study was a pooled analysis of individual patient-level data acquired from the Evaluation of unknown Onset Stroke thrombolysis trials.

Differentiation of histological calcification classifications in breast cancer using ultrashort echo time and chemical shift-encoded imaging MRI.

Introduction: Ductal carcinoma (DCIS) accounts for 25% of newly diagnosed breast cancer cases with only 14%-53% developing into invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), but currently overtreated due to inadequate accuracy of mammography. Subtypes of calcification, discernible from histology, has been suggested to have prognostic value in DCIS, while the lipid composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids may be altered in synthesis with potential sensitivity to the difference between DCIS and IDC. We therefore set out to examine calcification using ultra short echo time (UTE) MRI and lipid composition using chemical shift-encoded imaging (CSEI), as markers for histological calcification classification, in the initial step towards application.

MRI free water mediates the association between diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space and executive function in four independent middle to aged cohorts.

Introduction: Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index was proposed for assessing glymphatic clearance function. This study evaluated DTI-ALPS as a biomarker for cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) related vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID).

Methods: Four independent cohorts were examined.

Comparing auditory and visual aspects of multisensory working memory using bimodally matched feature patterns.

Working memory (WM) reflects the transient maintenance of information in the absence of external input, which can be attained via multiple senses separately or simultaneously. Pertaining to WM, the prevailing literature suggests the dominance of vision over other sensory systems. However, this imbalance may be stemming from challenges in finding comparable stimuli across modalities.

Infrared thermal modulation endoscopy for label-free tumor detection.

In optical imaging of solid tumors, signal contrasts derived from inherent tissue temperature differences have been employed to distinguish tumor masses from surrounding tissue. Moreover, with the advancement of active infrared imaging, dynamic thermal characteristics in response to exogenous thermal modulation (heating and cooling) have been proposed as novel measures of tumor assessment. Contrast factors such as the average rate of temperature changes and thermal recovery time constants have been investigated through an active thermal modulation imaging approach, yielding promising tumor characterization results in a xenograft mouse model.

WALINET: A water and lipid identification convolutional neural network for nuisance signal removal in MR spectroscopic imaging.

Purpose: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ( -MRSI) provides noninvasive spectral-spatial mapping of metabolism. However, long-standing problems in whole-brain -MRSI are spectral overlap of metabolite peaks with large lipid signal from scalp, and overwhelming water signal that distorts spectra. Fast and effective methods are needed for high-resolution -MRSI to accurately remove lipid and water signals while preserving the metabolite signal.

Sex differences in the relationships between 24-h rest-activity patterns and plasma markers of Alzheimer's disease pathology.

Background: Although separate lines of research indicated a moderating role of sex in both sleep-wake disruption and in the interindividual vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related processes, the quantification of sex differences in the interplay between sleep-wake dysregulation and AD pathology remains critically overlooked. Here, we examined sex-specific associations between circadian rest-activity patterns and AD-related pathophysiological processes across the adult lifespan.

Methods: Ninety-two cognitively unimpaired adults (mean age = 59.

Brain signaling becomes less integrated and more segregated with age.

The integration-segregation framework is a popular first step to understand brain dynamics because it simplifies brain dynamics into two states based on global versus local signaling patterns. However, there is no consensus for how to best define the two states. Here, we map integration and segregation to order and disorder states from the Ising model in physics to calculate state probabilities, and , from functional MRI data.

Greater baseline cortical atrophy in the dorsal attention network predicts faster clinical decline in Posterior Cortical Atrophy.

Background: Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by progressive visuospatial and visuoperceptual impairment. As the neurodegenerative disease progresses, patients lose independent functioning due to the worsening of initial symptoms and development of symptoms in other cognitive domains. The timeline of clinical progression is variable across patients, and the field currently lacks robust methods for prognostication.

Differential late-stage face processing in autism: a magnetoencephalographic study of fusiform gyrus activation.

Background: Autism is associated with alterations of social communication, such as during face-to-face interactions. This study aimed to probe face processing in autistics with normal IQ utilizing magnetoencephalography to examine event-related fields within the fusiform gyrus during face perception.

Methods: A case-control cohort of 22 individuals diagnosed with autism and 20 age-matched controls (all male, age 29.