Neuroendoscopy Training.

Neuroendoscopy can be learnt by assisting or doing live human surgery, cadaver dissection with or without augmented pulsatile vessel and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) perfusion, and practicing on live animal, dead animal model, synthetic models, three-dimensional printing model with or without augmentation with animal, cadaver tissue, pulsatile vessel and reconstructed CSF model, virtual reality (VR) simulator, and hybrid simulators (combined physical model and VR model). Neurosurgery skill laboratory with basic and advanced learning should be there in all teaching hospitals. Skills can be transferred from simulation model or VR to cadaver to live surgery.

Pure cortical supratentorial extraventricular ependymoma.

Majority of ependymomas are infratentorial and intraventricular. Supratentorial and purely cortical extraventricular ependymomas are extremely rare and only five cases were reported. We report a 15-year-old male with left frontal cortical ependymoma.

Endoscopic management of brain abscesses.

Background: Treatment of brain abscess is still a subject of controversy. Simple therapeutic approaches like twist drill/burr hole aspiration with or without insertion of a drain are also quite effective. There are reports of encouraging results following endoscopic treatment.