Questioning rotary functionality in the bacterial flagellar system and proposing a murburn model for motility.

Bacterial flagellar system (BFS) was the primary example of a purported 'rotary-motor' functionality in a natural assembly. This mandates the translation of a circular motion of components inside into a linear displacement of the cell body outside, which is supposedly orchestrated with the following features of the BFS: (i) A chemical/electrical differential generates proton motive force (, including a trans-membrane potential, TMP), which is electro-mechanically transduced by inward movement of protons via BFS. (ii) Membrane-bound proteins of BFS serve as stators and the slender filament acts as an external propeller, culminating into a hook-rod that pierces the membrane to connect to a 'broader assembly of deterministically movable rotor'.

Na,K-ATPase: A murzyme facilitating thermodynamic equilibriums at the membrane-interface.

The redox metabolic paradigm of murburn concept advocates that diffusible reactive species (DRS, particularly oxygen-centric radicals) are mainstays of physiology, and not mere pathological manifestations. The murburn purview of cellular function also integrates the essential principles of bioenergetics, thermogenesis, homeostasis, electrophysiology, and coherence. In this context, any enzyme that generates/modulates/utilizes/sustains DRS functionality is called a murzyme.

The physiological role of complex V in ATP synthesis: Murzyme functioning is viable whereas rotary conformation change model is untenable.

Complex V or FF-ATPase is a multimeric protein found in bioenergetic membranes of cells and organelles like mitochondria/chloroplasts. The popular perception on Complex V deems it as a reversible molecular motor, working bi-directionally (breaking or making ATP) via a conformation-change based chemiosmotic rotary ATP synthesis (CRAS) mechanism, driven by proton-gradients or trans-membrane potential (TMP). In continuance of our pursuits against the CRAS model of cellular bioenergetics, herein we demonstrate the validity of the murburn model based in diffusible reactive (oxygen) species (DRS/DROS).

Interaction of membrane-embedded cytochrome b-complexes with quinols: Classical Q-cycle and murburn model.

We recently proposed a diffusible reactive (oxygen) species (DRS/DROS) based function for cytochrome b complexes (CBC) and quinones (Q)/quinols (QH ) in the murburn model of bioenergetics. This proposal is in direct conflict with the classical purview of Q-cycle. Via extensive analyses of the structure-function correlations of membrane-quinones/quinols and proteins, we present qualitative and quantitative arguments to infer that the classical model cannot explain the energetics, kinetics, mechanism and probabilistic considerations.

The neglected functions of intrinsically disordered proteins and the origin of life.

The example of gelatine shows that extended proteins behave quite differently than globular ones: with water they form a gel. Historically the colloid view of protoplasm was discredited in favour of membrane-(pump)-theory (MPT), but unjustified. In his association-induction hypothesis Ling demonstrates that MPT is full of contradictions and that the colloid view has to be re-considered.