300 results match your criteria: "Annual Review Of Virology[Journal]"

Are There More Human Cancer Viruses Left to Be Found?

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; email:

Article Synopsis
  • Only seven out of thousands of viruses are known to cause cancer in humans, highlighting the rarity of cancer viruses.
  • Tumor sequencing has become a standard practice in cancer medicine, suggesting that if more cancer-related viruses existed, they would likely have been detected by now.
  • The review focuses on identifying new cancer viruses, analyzing successful genomic studies, discussing the role of epidemiology, and addressing challenges in discovering these viruses while ensuring comprehensive tumor biology insights.
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Experimental Considerations for the Evaluation of Viral Biomolecular Condensates.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; email:

Biomolecular condensates are nonmembrane-bound assemblies of biological polymers such as protein and nucleic acids. An increasingly accepted paradigm across the viral tree of life is () that viruses form biomolecular condensates and () that the formation is required for the virus. Condensates can promote viral replication by promoting packaging, genome compaction, membrane bending, and co-opting of host translation.

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Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV) was first described in 2006 in some human prostate cancers. But it drew little attention until 2009, when it was also found, as infectious virus and as MLV-related DNA, in samples from people suffering from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). This discovery was rapidly followed by efforts of the international research community to understand the significance of the association and its potential to spread widely as an important human pathogen.

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Article Synopsis
  • The study explores how alphaherpesvirus capsids interact with viral and host proteins within the nucleoplasm and cytosol, affecting viral assembly and release.
  • It highlights the role of specific protein interactions during late-stage infection that facilitate nuclear assembly and the transfer of viral genomes into host cells for replication.
  • The research also discusses how different cell types employ unique resistance mechanisms against the virus, while alphaherpesviruses have adapted to overcome these defenses for effective infection.
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Diverse Antiphage Defenses Are Widespread Among Prophages and Mobile Genetic Elements.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Department of Biochemistry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; email:

Bacterial viruses known as phages rely on their hosts for replication and thus have developed an intimate partnership over evolutionary time. The survival of temperate phages, which can establish a chronic infection in which their genomes are maintained in a quiescent state known as a prophage, is tightly coupled with the survival of their bacterial hosts. As a result, prophages encode a diverse antiphage defense arsenal to protect themselves and the bacterial host in which they reside from further phage infection.

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Studying Retroviral Life Cycles Using Visible Viruses and Live Cell Imaging.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, and Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; email:

Article Synopsis
  • Viruses utilize host cell factors to navigate through their replication cycle, necessitating high-resolution methods to examine these interactions for better antiviral strategies.
  • The review focuses on advanced live cell imaging techniques, particularly those used to study retroviruses like HIV-1, and how visible viruses are engineered or indirectly tracked in experiments.
  • Challenges ahead include improving labeling methods, enhancing imaging resolution, and developing systems that can monitor entire viral replication cycles simultaneously.
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Artificial Intelligence and Scientific Reviews.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; email:

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Expanding the Plant Virome: Umbra-Like Viruses Use Host Proteins for Movement.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; email:

Article Synopsis
  • The discovery of umbra-like viruses (ULVs) challenges the traditional view of plant RNA viruses, which are known for encoding specialized movement proteins (MPs) for spreading their RNA genomes.
  • ULVs lack the typical MPs and do not need helper viruses for encapsidation, indicating a simpler requirement for systemic infection in plants.
  • The ULV CY1 from citrus demonstrates that it can use a host protein called PHLOEM PROTEIN 2 (PP2) for movement, suggesting a similar mechanism to early plant viruses that relied on host proteins for transmission.
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The bacteriolytic character of bacteriophages was employed as antibacterial therapy almost from the time of their discovery in 1917. In the United States, phage therapy was sporadic during the 1920s and 1930s but had dwindled into obscurity by the post-WWII period. This demise of phage therapy has traditionally been attributed to the superiority of antibiotics, discovered and first used during the war years, but this explanation is complicated by the fact that phage therapy outside the United States has had a longer and more successful life, especially in the countries of Eastern Europe.

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Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Interferon Lambda at the Maternal-Fetal Interface.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; email:

Article Synopsis
  • Interferon lambda (IFN-λ) is a type of antiviral cytokine crucial for immune responses at barrier sites like the maternal-fetal interface, especially during pregnancy.
  • The review focuses on how IFN-λ functions in the placenta, decidua, and endometrium, detailing the cell types involved in its production and response.
  • It also covers the impact of IFN-λ during congenital infections caused by viruses such as Zika, cytomegalovirus, and rubella, and discusses new research models aimed at enhancing our understanding of IFN-λ's role in immunity.
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From Entry to the Nucleus: How Retroviruses Commute.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile;

Article Synopsis
  • - Retroviruses, like HIV-1, create a double-stranded DNA version of their RNA genomes inside host cells through a process called reverse transcription, which happens within a viral core.
  • - To integrate this viral DNA into the host's genome, the retrovirus must navigate through various cellular structures, including the cell cortex, cytoplasm, and nucleus, using different strategies.
  • - The review discusses how retroviruses manipulate the actin and microtubule systems within the cell to facilitate their movement, highlighting that while we've learned a lot about HIV-1's mechanisms, there's still more to uncover about other retroviruses.
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Article Synopsis
  • * The lack of epidemics may be due to recent human presence, limited domestication of local species, and past immigration that introduced other viruses, making spillovers less likely.
  • * However, recent large-scale deforestation and environmental changes could temporarily hinder virus emergence, but health authorities should be aware of the potential long-term risks from urbanization and climate change.
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Embracing Complexity: What Novel Sequencing Methods Are Teaching Us About Herpesvirus Genomic Diversity.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Departments of Biology and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics; and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA;

The arrival of novel sequencing technologies throughout the past two decades has led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of herpesvirus genomic diversity. Previously, herpesviruses were seen as a family of DNA viruses with low genomic diversity. However, a growing body of evidence now suggests that herpesviruses exist as dynamic populations that possess standing variation and evolve at much faster rates than previously assumed.

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Article Synopsis
  • * Key interactions, like the one between the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and viral protein genome-linked (VPg), are essential for viral translation and the protection of viral RNA, highlighting the complexity of potyviral infection processes.
  • * Recent findings about reverse-sense vRNA and the expression of viral proteins challenge traditional models of how potyviruses operate, suggesting that the understanding of potyviral protein interactions is still evolving.
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Bacteriophage T4 as a Protein-Based, Adjuvant- and Needle-Free, Mucosal Pandemic Vaccine Design Platform.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA; email:

The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed vaccinology. Rapid deployment of mRNA vaccines has saved countless lives. However, these platforms have inherent limitations including lack of durability of immune responses and mucosal immunity, high cost, and thermal instability.

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SEA-PHAGES and SEA-GENES: Advancing Virology and Science Education.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; email:

Article Synopsis
  • Research opportunities for undergraduates, especially in bacteriophage studies, provide significant benefits but face challenges when implemented at scale.* -
  • The Science Education Alliance (SEA) fosters a supportive environment for students and faculty from diverse educational backgrounds to engage in research projects like SEA-PHAGES and SEA-GENES, focusing on phage discovery and genomics.* -
  • Since its inception in 2008, the SEA has enabled over 50,000 students to isolate and analyze thousands of bacteriophages, promoting persistence in science education and contributing to a more equitable scientific community.*
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Viruses are exemplary molecular biologists and have been integral to scientific discovery for generations. It is therefore no surprise that nuclear replicating viruses have evolved to systematically take over host cell function through astoundingly specific nuclear and chromatin hijacking. In this review, we focus on nuclear replicating DNA viruses-herpesviruses and adenoviruses-as key examples of viral invasion in the nucleus.

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Rift Valley Fever Virus Encephalitis: Viral and Host Determinants of Pathogenesis.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; email:

Article Synopsis
  • Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne illness found in Africa and the Middle East, known to cause serious brain infections (encephalitis) that can result in high rates of illness and death.
  • Recent research has developed new mouse models that help understand how RVFV causes encephalitis, emphasizing the importance of viral strain and method of infection in studying the virus.
  • The review highlights the need to further investigate how genetic factors and immune responses of hosts affect RVFV disease and suggests potential approaches for preventing and treating the neurological effects of the virus, while acknowledging areas that still require research.
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The Emergence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;

The origin of SARS-CoV-2 has evoked heated debate and strong accusations, yet seemingly little resolution. I review the scientific evidence on the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and its subsequent spread through the human population. The available data clearly point to a natural zoonotic emergence within, or closely linked to, the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan.

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Abortive Infection of Animal Cells: What Goes Wrong.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2024

Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; email:

Article Synopsis
  • Even if a virus attaches to a cell, problems in the viral life cycle can prevent the creation of infectious particles, leading to common occurrences of abortive infections.
  • Over the past 60 years, studies have shown a wide variety of abortive infections caused by DNA and RNA viruses in different animal cells, providing insights into how viruses interact with hosts.
  • Abortive infections play a significant role in shaping immune responses and contributing to virus-induced cancers, and understanding them can enhance both basic and clinical research on viral diseases.
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The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on children continue to evolve following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although life-threatening multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has become rare, long-standing symptoms stemming from persistent immune activation beyond the resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection contribute to major health sequelae and continue to pose an economic burden. Shared pathophysiologic mechanisms place MIS-C and long COVID within a vast spectrum of postinfectious conditions characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, and varying degrees of immune dysregulation.

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What Have We Learned by Resurrecting the 1918 Influenza Virus?

Annu Rev Virol

September 2023

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Article Synopsis
  • The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic was one of the deadliest events in history, causing 50-100 million deaths globally.
  • For decades, the virus's origins and extreme virulence were unknown due to lack of virology techniques at the time.
  • Research in the late 1990s allowed scientists to reconstruct the virus using preserved RNA, leading to new understandings of its biology and implications for modern molecular research.
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A Mammalian Cell's Guide on How to Process a Bacteriophage.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2023

School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; email:

Article Synopsis
  • Bacteriophages are specialized viruses that primarily infect bacteria, but recent research highlights their interactions with mammalian cells, challenging the traditional definition of their role.
  • Despite not being able to replicate within mammalian cells, phages can still interact with them and access their cellular structures, implicating these interactions in various health and disease contexts.
  • The review explores how phages attach to and are internalized by mammalian cells, detailing their processing once inside and discussing the implications of these interactions in clinical applications and the human virome.
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Viral Membrane Fusion: A Dance Between Proteins and Lipids.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2023

Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

There are at least 21 families of enveloped viruses that infect mammals, and many contain members of high concern for global human health. All enveloped viruses have a dedicated fusion protein or fusion complex that enacts the critical genome-releasing membrane fusion event that is essential before viral replication within the host cell interior can begin. Because all enveloped viruses enter cells by fusion, it behooves us to know how viral fusion proteins function.

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Microviruses: A World Beyond X174.

Annu Rev Virol

September 2023

Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

Article Synopsis
  • Two decades of metagenomic studies show that small, single-stranded DNA phages, especially from the microvirus family, dominate many viromes, but many types remain difficult to isolate and study.
  • The famous microvirus X174 is commonly found in labs, but other related microviruses like gokushovirus and amoyvirus are less common and poorly understood.
  • Recent advancements in microvirus isolation and metagenomic techniques are improving our understanding of these viruses, indicating that X174 is actually quite rare compared to a much wider variety of microviruses yet to be explored.
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