A Snapshot on the Current Status of Alzheimer's Disease, Treatment Perspectives, in-Vitro and in-Vivo Research Studies and Future Opportunities.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most challenging diseases faced by humankind. AD is still not classified as curable because of the complex structure of pathologies underlying it. As the mean life expectancy of the world population constantly increases, the prevalence of AD and treatment costs for AD also grow rapidly.

An Unusual Reason for Gastric Variceal Hemorrhage: Wandering Spleen.

Wandering spleen is the displacement of the spleen due to the loss or weakening of the ligaments of the spleen and is seen very rarely with an incidence of less than 0.5 %. It can cause portal hypertension, but gastric variceal hemorrhage is a quite rare condition within the spectrum of this uncommon disease.

Diagnosis of brain death by orbital Doppler ultrasound: a comparative research study.

Aim: It remains unknown whether orbital Doppler-ultrasound (ODUS) could be an alternative to other established ancillary tests for the diagnosis of brain death. We investigated the effectiveness of ODUS in the diagnosis of brain death and compared data obtained from ODUS with transcranial Doppler-ultrasound (TDUS) and carotid Doppler-ultrasound (CDUS) findings.

Material And Methods: ODUS, CDUS and TDUS examinations were performed on 22 consecutive patients who had clinical examination and confirmatory test findings consistent with brain death.

Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve decompression in a patient with pseudotumor cerebri.

Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) is a syndrome characterized by intracranial pressure elevation and associated signs and symptoms in the absence of a space-occupying intracranial lesion. The most common symptoms are visual loss and headache. Sometimes, surgical therapy is needed in patients who have no apparent response to medical therapy and exhibit a progressive course.

Acute pancreatitis caused by bortezomib.

Drug-induced pancreatitis has been reported rarely. Bortezomib is a selective and reversible proteasome inhibitor used for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Recently, one case report about acute pancreatitis (AP) caused by bortezomib was published in the international literature.

Follow-up of atypia and follicular lesions of undetermined significance in thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology.

Objective: To report our experience of atypia of undetermined significance (AUS)/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) rate and outcome.

Methods: Among 7658 patients with 19 569 nodules, 524 (2.7%) nodules were diagnosed as AUS/FLUS on fine needle aspiration (FNA).

Comparison between Capsule Endoscopy and Magnetic Resonance Enterography for the Detection of Polyps of the Small Intestine in Patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis.

Objective. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) compared with capsule endoscopy (CE) for the detection of small-bowel polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Methods.

Capsule endoscopy in celiac disease.

Capsule endoscopy (CE) has been increasingly used for diagnosing disease of the small bowel. It is an attractive technique for assessing celiac disease (CD) because it is noninvasive and provides a close and magnified view of the mucosa of the entire small bowel. The aim of this paper is to update the current data on the use of CE for diagnosing villous atrophy and complications of CD.

The ATA and its surgical importance: a newly described ligament lying between the dural sac and the ligamentum flavum at the L5 level.

Study Design: The anatomy of a new ligament in the human spine the ATA is described.

Objective: To describe a new ligament; the ATA, which lies between the dural sac and the ligamentum flavum at the L5 level and to discuss it's surgical importance.

Summary Of Background Data: Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage translates into longer hospital stays with significant implications for the patient, the health care system, and society as a whole.

Local administration of chitosan microspheres after traumatic brain injury in rats: a new challenge for cyclosporine--a delivery.

The major aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of chitosan microspheres containing cyclosporine-A (Cs-A) on mitochondrial damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI) animal model. Trauma was introduced to male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats similar to that of modified Feeney Method. Briefly, after craniectomy in the left parietal region (5 mm).

The short term effects of infected gallstones lost intraperitoneally.

In this experimental study, an animal model was set up to evaluate what sort of complications may cause intraperitoneal retained bile stones. Forty rats were divided into 4 groups. The first group was assigned as the control group and the subjects had only laparatomy.

A very rare localisation of pilomatrixoma.

Pilomatrixoma is a rare skin neoplasm which is usually localized on face, neck and lower extremites and its etiology is still unknown. We report a case of a 32-year-old male patient with a rare localisation of pilomatrixoma on the right shoulder. The presumed diagnosis was sebaceous cyst.

Changes in serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels and growth in children following adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy on growth. For this purpose, we prospectively reviewed the postoperative changes in serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), weight and height in children that underwent adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy.

Methods: Ninety-six children with symptoms of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) or recurrent adenotonsillitis were enrolled to study.

Surgical interventions in patients with chronic constipation refractory to intensive medical treatment.

Introduction: Management of patients with chronic constipation (CC), irresponsive to medical treatment, is very difficult. There are some surgical approaches reported for the treatment. In this study we aimed to assess the results of different surgical procedures in patients with severe CC who were refractory to intensive medical treatments.

Immunomodulation of acute experimental spinal cord injury with human immunoglobulin G.

Immunomodulation of acute spinal cord injury may inhibit the activity of specific inflammatory cascades and result in recovery of motor function. In this study, evaluation of the protective effect of a well-known anti-inflammatory immunomodulator, immunoglobulin G (IgG), was conducted in rats after a 50 g/cm contusion spinal cord injury. Following injury, 400 mg/kg of IgG was administered to the treatment group.

Effects of oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil on the healing of colon anastomoses.

Purpose: Oxaliplatin (OX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer. Although the early initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy can improve the outcome of surgery, it carries potentially fatal risks. This experimental study investigates the effects of 5-FU and OX on colon anastomoses.

Dysphagia due to diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis of the cervical spine.

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) or Forestier's disease is a common disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine and various extra-spinal ligaments. We present the case of a 54-year-old woman with progressive dysphagia due to DISH of the cervical spine, which is a relatively rare pathology in neurosurgical practice. The cervical osteophytes extending from C2 to C4 and external compression of the pharyngoesophageal segment by the large osteophytes were demonstrated by X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography.

Atorvastatin efficiency after traumatic brain injury in rats.

Background: The neuroprotective effects of statins possibly depend on their pleiotropic effect such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we have evaluated the efficiency of atorvastatin on brain edema, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructural changes in TBI animal model.

Methods: Modified Feeney method has been used for the trauma model in rats.

Neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin after experimental cold injury-induced vasogenic brain edema in rats.

Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of EPO in the treatment of cold injury-induced brain edema, apoptosis, and inflammation and to compare its effectiveness with DSP.

Methods: One hundred fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 280 and 300 g were used for the study. Rats were divided into 5 groups.

Effects of magnesium sulphate following spinal cord injury in rats.

Neutrophil infiltration has been implicated in the secondary destructive pathomechanisms after initial mechanical injury to the spinal cord. Tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity has been shown to be an exclusive indicator of the extent of post-traumatic neutrophil infiltration. We have studied the effect of magnesium sulphate on MPO activity after spinal cord injury in rats.

Effect of immunomodulation with human interferon-beta on early functional recovery from experimental spinal cord injury.

Study Design: Electron and light microscopic changes, neutrophil infiltration, and lipid peroxidation in the spinal cord and early neurologic examination were studied in rats.

Objective: To examine the effects of immunomodulator treatment with recombinant human interferon-beta after spinal cord contusion injury.

Summary Of Background Data: Immunomodulator treatment with interferon-beta has been the subject of extensive studies, but mainly in relation to multiple sclerosis.

Metoprolol treatment decreases tissue myeloperoxidase activity after spinal cord injury in rats.

Neutrophil infiltration has been reported to play an important role in spinal cord injury (SCI). In addition to their cardioprotective effects, beta-blockers have been found to have neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system, but their effect on SCI has not yet been studied. In the current study, we investigated the effect of metoprolol on myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of neutrophil activation, in the spinal cord after experimental SCI in rats.

Giant adrenal myelolipoma associated with small bowel leiomyosarcoma: a case report.

Adrenal myelolipoma is a rare, benign and biochemically inactive tumor. It is usually diagnosed incidentally by radiological methods and is known to be associated with obesity, hypertension, endocrinological disorders and some malignancies. We report herein the association of a myelolipoma with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

Magnesium sulfate treatment decreases caspase-3 activity after experimental spinal cord injury in rats.

Background: Apoptosis has increasingly been considered as an important factor in secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). Manifestation of apoptotic cell death process involves activation of the caspase-3 apoptotic cascade. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effect of magnesium sulfate on caspase-3 activity and to compare its effectiveness with methylprednisolone after acute SCI.