Recent Insights into Roles of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Retinal Diseases.

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcriptional factors that function as strong regulators of oxygen homeostasis and cellular metabolisms. The maintenance of cellular oxygen levels is critical as either insufficient or excessive oxygen affects development and physiologic and pathologic conditions. In the eye, retinas have a high metabolic demand for oxygen.

Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factors suppresses subretinal fibrosis.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of vision loss. The aggressive form of AMD is associated with ocular neovascularization and subretinal fibrosis, representing a responsive outcome against neovascularization mediated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. A failure of the current treatment (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy) has also been attributed to the progression of subretinal fibrosis.

Case report: Unilateral papilledema in a dog with a large suprasellar mass and suspected intracranial hypertension: insights from funduscopy, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.

A spayed, 8-year-old female Poodle, weighing 5.7 kg, was presented with the chief complaint of vision impairment. Vision assessment, including pupillary light reflexes, menace response, dazzle reflex, and maze navigation in photopic and scotopic circumstances, revealed a negative response in both eyes except for positive direct pupillary light reflex in the right eye and positive consensual pupillary light reflex from the right eye to the left eye.

Halofuginone prevents outer retinal degeneration in a mouse model of light-induced retinopathy.

Photoreceptor cell death can cause progressive and irreversible visual impairments. Still, effective therapies on retinal neuroprotection are not available. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcriptional factors which strongly regulate angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, intracellular metabolism, and programed cell death under a hypoxic or an abnormal metabolic oxidative stress condition.

Optical coherence tomographic features of feline acute corneal hydrops: A case report.

Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the optical coherence tomographic features of a cat with acute corneal hydrops.

Animal Studied: A 4-year-old castrated male domestic shorthaired showing conjunctival redness, ocular discharge, and intermittent squinting of both eyes with asymmetrical disease onset.

Methods: Complete ophthalmic examination and optical coherence tomography were performed.

Xanthogranulomatous keratitis in a mixed-breed dog.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and histopathological features of a case of xanthogranulomatous keratitis in a mixed-breed dog.

Animal: Mixed-breed dog.

Clinical Presentation, Progression, And Procedures: An 11-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog was presented for mild blepharospasm, corneal cloudiness, and increasing conjunctival hyperemia OD.

MicroPulse™ transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the equine patient: A case series of four horses.

Objective: To describe the clinical application and outcome of MicroPulse™ transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) treatment in horses with glaucoma.

Animals Studied: Four client-owned horses with primary (n = 2) or secondary (n = 2) glaucoma.

Methods: Horses were treated with MP-TSCPC under standing sedation with a minimum of 30 days of follow-up (range 30-1241 days).

Quantifying refractive error in companion dogs with and without nuclear sclerosis: 229 eyes from 118 dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between nuclear sclerosis (NS) and refractive error in companion dogs.

Animals Studied: One hundred and eighteen companion dogs.

Procedures: Dogs were examined and found to be free of significant ocular abnormalities aside from NS.

Feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma treated with toceranib phosphate (Palladia) as adjuvant chemotherapy: A case study of one cat.

Key Clinical Message: This is the first case report of treatment with toceranib phosphate as postsurgical adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced FROMS. This reported case highlights the need for further studies on the efficacy of toceranib phosphate as adjuvant chemotherapy for FROMS.

Abstract: Feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma (FROMS) is a rare aggressive tumor in cats.

A case of -induced fungal keratitis in a Chihuahua dog - with a focus on optical coherence tomographic features.

A 4-year-old Chihuahua dog was referred for bilateral corneal ulcers. Slightly raised white fluorescein-positive plaque-like corneal lesions in both eyes appeared as intense hyperreflective areas with posterior shadowing on optical coherence tomography (OCT). Based on corneal cytology and culture, -induced fungal keratitis was diagnosed.

The clinical outcomes of 33 canine eyes following the novel sulcus fixation technique of an injectable acrylic lens through a 3-mm corneal incision.

Purpose: This retrospective study introduces and evaluates transscleral fixation using a horizontal mattress suture of a conventional injectable acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) inserted through a 3-mm corneal incision in dogs.

Materials And Methods: This technique was applied to four groups: lens subluxation (group SL, n = 15), anterior or posterior lens luxation (group APLL, n = 9), lens capsule tear or rupture (group LCTR, n = 7), and dislocation of the lens capsule containing an IOL (group IOLD, n = 4).

Results: Patients were followed up for an average of 366.

Novel findings on the anatomy of medial canthus in dogs.

Purpose: Severe entropion of the medial canthus results in ocular surface diseases and tear staining syndrome. However, detailed anatomical structures of the medial canthus and lacrimal ducts in dogs are poorly understood. We aimed to understand the anatomical structures of the medial canthus by analyzing the distances from the medial palpebral commissure to the superior lacrimal punctum (DSP) and to the inferior lacrimal punctum (DIP) and by histological examinations of the medial canthal anatomy.

Vascular endothelial growth factor from retinal pigment epithelium is essential in choriocapillaris and axial length maintenance.

Myopia, which prevalence is rapidly increasing, causes visual impairment; however, the onset mechanism of pathological axial length (AL) elongation remains unclear. A highly vascularized choroid between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and sclera not only maintains physiological activities, but also contributes to ocular development and growth regulation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secreted from the RPE to the choroid is essential for retinal function and maintenance of the choriocapillaris.

Unilateral blindness presumed as sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) in one Dachshund and four Maltese dogs.

Objective: To describe blindness, initially presenting as a unilateral condition and diagnosed as sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS).

Animals Studied: One Dachshund and four Maltese dogs presented with unilateral blindness, for which the results of general ophthalmic examinations were insufficient to explain the blindness. All dogs were spayed females.

A review of diagnostic tests for qualitative and quantitative tear film deficiency in dogs.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex multifactorial condition caused by loss of ocular surface homeostasis from quantitative and/or qualitative tear film deficiency. Schirmer tear test (STT) is often the only diagnostic test used to assess for DED in veterinary practice. STT is invaluable in the diagnosis and monitoring of quantitative tear film deficiency (i.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Protects against Retinal Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Carotid Artery Occlusion.

Cardiovascular abnormality-mediated retinal ischemia causes severe visual impairment. Retinal ischemia is involved in enormous pathological processes including oxidative stress, reactive gliosis, and retinal functional deficits. Thus, maintaining retinal function by modulating those pathological processes may prevent or protect against vision loss.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Prevents Retinal Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.

Retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can cause severe vision impairment. Retinal I/R injury is associated with pathological increases in reactive oxygen species and inflammation, resulting in retinal neuronal cell death. To date, effective therapies have not been developed.

Retinal degeneration induced in a mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury and its management by pemafibrate treatment.

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of visual impairment. To date, no effective treatment is available for retinal I/R injury. In addition, the precise pathological mechanisms still need to be established.

Effect of oral antioxidants on the progression of canine senile cataracts: a retrospective study.

Background: Cataracts are the leading cause of impaired vision or blindness in dogs. There are many antioxidants that can prevent cataract progression, but whether they are clinically effective in dogs has not been established.

Objectives: To analyze the delaying or preventing effect of oral antioxidants on canine senile cataracts through retrospective analysis.

Comparison of the qualitative and quantitative optical coherence tomographic features between sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome and normal eyes in dogs.

Objective: To quantitatively and qualitatively characterize the retinal optical coherence tomographic features of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) and SARDS suspect dogs.

Animals Studied: Fourteen SARDS affected dogs, 11 age-, breed-, and sex-matched control dogs, and two SARDS suspect dogs.

Procedures: Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images were used to evaluate the quantitative features, including thickness, intereye asymmetry, and longitudinal changes in retinal layer thickness and the qualitative features, including retinal architecture and vitreous haze.

Retinal Degeneration in a Murine Model of Retinal Ischemia by Unilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion.

Retinal degeneration is a progressive retinal damage in ocular vascular diseases. There are several reasons for this, such as occlusion of arteries or veins, diabetic retinopathy, or hereditary retinal diseases. To study pathological mechanisms of retinal degeneration, it is required to develop experimentally reproducible and clinically relevant models.

Bilateral cataract surgery in a Japanese macaque (): A case report.

A 7.5-year-old intact male Japanese macaque was presented for evaluation of vision loss. After a complete ophthalmic examination, the patient was diagnosed with hypermature cataract in both eyes.

Long-term vision outcomes and breed differences of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve implantation in 132 eyes of 122 dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the long-term vision outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation in dogs.

Procedures: The medical records of dogs that underwent AGV implantation from January 2010 to December 2019 were reviewed to assess the duration of post-surgical vision preservation (PVP). The relationship between PVP and the underlying cause of glaucoma, implant placement, and preoperative intraocular pressure was evaluated.

Pemafibrate Prevents Retinal Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Unilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion.

Cardiovascular diseases lead to retinal ischemia, one of the leading causes of blindness. Retinal ischemia triggers pathological retinal glial responses and functional deficits. Therefore, maintaining retinal neuronal activities and modulating pathological gliosis may prevent loss of vision.