Sequential Optimization Methods for Augmentation of Marine Enzymes Production in Solid-State Fermentation: l-Glutaminase Production a Case Study.

There is an increased l-glutaminase market worldwide due to its relevant industrial applications. Salt tolerance l-glutaminases play a vital role in the increase of flavor of different types of foods like soya sauce and tofu. This chapter is presenting the economically viable l-glutaminases production in solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus flavus MTCC 9972 as a case study.

Ant colony optimization-based firewall anomaly mitigation engine.

A firewall is the most essential component of network perimeter security. Due to human error and the involvement of multiple administrators in configuring firewall rules, there exist common anomalies in firewall rulesets such as Shadowing, Generalization, Correlation, and Redundancy. There is a need for research on efficient ways of resolving such anomalies.

Elucidating pharmacodynamic interaction of silver nanoparticle - topical deliverable antibiotics.

In order to exploit the potential benefits of antimicrobial combination therapy, we need a better understanding of the circumstances under which pharmacodynamic interactions expected. In this study, Pharmacodynamic interactions between silver nanoparticle (SNP) and topical antibiotics such as Cefazolin (CEF), Mupirocin (MUP), Gentamycin (GEN), Neomycin (NEO), Tetracycline (TET), Vancomycin (VAN) were investigated using the MIC test, Combination assay followed by Fractional Inhibitory concentration Index and Agar well diffusion method. SNP + MUP, SNP + NEO, SNP + VAN combinations showed Synergism (SN) and SNP + CEF, SNP + GEN, SNP + TET showed Partial synergism (PS) against Staphylococcus aureus.

Distribution of trace metals in surface seawater and zooplankton of the Bay of Bengal, off Rushikulya estuary, East Coast of India.

Concentrations of trace metals such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), vanadium (V), and selenium (Se) were determined in seawater and zooplankton from the surface waters off Rushikulya estuary, north-western Bay of Bengal. During the study period, the concentration of trace metals in seawater and zooplankton showed significant spatio-temporal variation. Cu and Co levels in seawater mostly remained non-detectable.

Association of CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B & HHEX gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the population of Hyderabad, India.

Background & Objectives: The genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown an association of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with several novel genes. We report here the findings on the pattern of genetic association of three genes (CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B and HHEX) with T2DM in the population of Hyderabad, south India.

Methods: A sample of 1379 individuals (758 T2DM cases and 621 controls) from Hyderabad, India, were genotyped for five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CDKAL1 (rs7754840, rs7756992) CDKN2A/B (rs10811661) and HHEX (rs1111875, rs7923837) genes on Sequenom Mass Array platform.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract ameliorates intestinal inflammation through MAPKs/NF-κB signaling in a murine model of acute experimental colitis.

We investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-colitis effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract (RE) by using both in vitro LPS-activated mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages and in vivo dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental murine colitis and suggested the underlying possible mechanisms.

Protective effect of aqueous seed extract of Vitis Vinifera against oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the pancreas of adult male rats with diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Protective effects of Vitis Vinifera seed aqueous extract (VVSAE) against pancreatic dysfunctions and elevation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the pancreas in diabetes were investigated. Histopathological changes in the pancreas were examined under light microscope.

Methods: Blood and pancreas were collected from adult male diabetic rats receiving 28days treatment with VVSAE orally.

Development and validation of a high throughput UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of esomeprazole, rabeprazole and levosulpiride in human plasma.

A high throughput ultra pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method with good sensitivity and selectivity has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of esomeprazole, rabeprazole and levosulpiride in human plasma using lansoprazole as internal standard (IS). The extraction method based on liquid-liquid extraction technique was used to extract the analytes and IS from of 50 µL of human plasma using methyl tert-butyl ether:ethyl acetate (80:20, v/v), which offers a high recovery. Chromatographic separation of analytes and IS was achieved on a Hypersil gold C column using gradient mobile phase consisting of 2 mM ammonium formate/acetonitrile.

Trace Level Determination of Mesityl Oxide and Diacetone Alcohol in Atazanavir Sulfate Drug Substance by a Gas Chromatography Method.

A capillary gas chromatography method with a short run time, using a flame ionization detector, has been developed for the quantitative determination of trace level analysis of mesityl oxide and diacetone alcohol in the atazanavir sulfate drug substance. The chromatographic method was achieved on a fused silica capillary column coated with 5% diphenyl and 95% dimethyl polysiloxane stationary phase (Rtx-5, 30 m x 0.53 mm x 5.

Development and Validation of a Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Assay of Pristinamycin in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form.

Pristinamycin is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of Staphylococcus infections. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and simple stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of pristinamycin in tablet dosage form. Pristinamycin was eluted on the ACE-5, C18-HL, 250 x 4.

Delayed progression of diabetic cataractogenesis and retinopathy by Litchi chinensis in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Context: The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the aqueous fruit pericarp extract of Litchi chinensis (APLC) on parameters which leads to diabetic cataractogenesis and retinopathy in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate the APLC for in vivo antioxidant activity and its role in inhibiting the polyol pathway and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs).

Materials And Methods: The diabetic animals were treated with L.

Association of mitochondrial displacement loop polymorphisms with risk of colorectal cancer in south Indian population.

Mitochondrial displacement loop (D-loop) is the hot spot for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations which influence the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species. In the present study, we sequenced the entire mitochondrial D-loop region (1124 bp) of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (n = 174) and controls (n = 170) of south Indian origin to identify significant mutations/polymorphisms. Our results showed 152 polymorphisms in the D-loop region of patients and/or controls.

Part-1: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bromo-pyrimidine analogs as tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

A novel series of 5-bromo-pyrimidine derivatives (5a-l, 6a-h, 9a-m and 10a-d) were synthesized through multi step reactions starting from 5-bromo-2,4-dichloro pyrimidine. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized using elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and LC-MS) analysis. The titled compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines panel consisted of HCT116 (human colon cancer cell line), A549 (human lung cancer cell line), K562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line), U937 (human acute monocytic myeloid leukemia cell line), and L02 (human normal cell line) by using MTT assay Mosmann's method.

Novel, Precise, Accurate Ion-Pairing Method to Determine the Related Substances of the Fondaparinux Sodium Drug Substance: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin.

Fondaparinux sodium is a synthetic low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). This medication is an anticoagulant or a blood thinner, prescribed for the treatment of pulmonary embolism and prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Its determination in the presence of related impurities was studied and validated by a novel ion-pair HPLC method.

Highly sensitive LC-MS/MS-ESI method for determination of phenelzine in human plasma and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study.

A selective, sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for quantification of the phenelzine (PZ) in 200μL of human plasma using hydroxyzine (HZ) as an internal standard (IS) as per regulatory guidelines. The sample preparation involved the derivatization of PZ using pentaflurobenzaldehyde followed by solid phase extraction process to extract PZ and HZ from human plasma. LC-MS/MS was operated under the multiple reaction-monitoring mode (MRM) using the electro spray ionization technique in positive ion mode and the transitions of m/z 305.

Biological and Phytopharmacological Descriptions of Litchi Chinensis.

Plants remain a vital source of drugs and at present, much emphasis is given to nutraceuticals. Herbal medicines have been the basis of treatment and cure for various diseases and physiological conditions in the traditional methods practiced such as ayurveda and homeopathy. Litchi chinensis belongs to the Sapindaceae family and is well-known in the Indian traditional system for its traditional uses.

Seeking potent anti-tubercular agents: Design, synthesis, anti-tubercular activity and docking study of various ((triazoles/indole)-piperazin-1-yl/1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[d]isoxazole derivatives.

A series of thirty eight novel 3-(4-((substituted-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl/1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[d]isoxazole and 1-(4-(benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl/1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)substituted-1-one analogues were synthesised, characterised using various analytical techniques and evaluated for in vitro anti-tubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain and two 'wild' strains Spec. 210 and Spec. 192.

Genetic analysis of reciprocal differences in the inheritance of in vitro characters in pearl millet.

Reciprocal differences persist in nature because of the unequal contribution of cytoplasmic determinants from male and female gametes to the zygote. The inheritance of genetic differences is an important factor that influences various traits, including somatic embryogenesis and regeneration in vitro. In this report, we estimate the cytoplasmic and maternal effects in pearl millet and their adequacy in describing the observed reciprocal differences based on an in depth study of the parents, F2s and reciprocal backcross progenies needed for fitting genetical models.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using methanolic root extracts of Diospyros paniculata and their antimicrobial activities.

Since the discovery and subsequent widespread use of antibiotics, a variety of bacterial species of human and animal origin have developed numerous mechanisms that render bacteria resistant to some, and in certain cases to nearly all antibiotics, thereby limiting the treatment options and compromising effective therapy. In the present study, the green synthesis of nanoparticles is carried out by the reduction of silver acetate in the presence of crude methanolic root extracts of Diospyros paniculata, a member of family Ebenaceae. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the biologically reduced reaction mixture showed the surface plasmon peak at 428 nm, a characteristic peak of silver nanoparticles.

In vivo expression of genes in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana during infection of lepidopteran larvae.

The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin is commercially available as a bio insecticide. The expression of three genes previously identified to have a role in pathogenicity in in vitro studies was validated in vivo in three lepidopteran insects infected with B.

Synthesis of new secretory phospholipase A2-inhibitory indole containing isoxazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.

Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is an important enzyme that plays a key role in various inflammatory diseases including cancer and its inhibitors have been developed as preventive or therapeutic agents. In the present study, a series of new indole containing isoxazole derivatives (10a-10o) is synthesized and evaluated for their sPLA2 inhibitory activities. All compounds (10a-10o) showed significant sPLA2 inhibition activities both in vitro and in vivo studies which is substantiated in in silico studies.

Development and validation of a reliable and rapid LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of sacubitril and valsartan in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.

A selective, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatographic method with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric detection has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of sacubitril and valsartan in rat plasma using telmisartan as internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted by deprotenization of 50 μL of plasma sample using 200 μL of acetonitrile. In a short chromatographic run of 1.

Manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) overexpression is a common event in colorectal cancers with mitochondrial microsatellite instability.

Mitochondrial displacement loop (D-loop) is a hot spot for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations that effects cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) is a major antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from ROS-mediated damage. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between sequence alterations of mitochondrial D-loop and Mn-SOD expression in colorectal cancer (CRC).

Development of an Ion Chromatography Method for Analysis of Organic Anions (Fumarate, Oxalate, Succinate, and Tartrate) in Single Chromatographic Conditions.

A single organic counterion analysis method was developed by using an ion chromatography separation technique and conductivity detector. This allows the rapid characterization of an API to support clinical studies and to fulfil the regulatory requirements for the quantitation of fumarate, oxalate, succinate, and tartrate counterions in active pharmaceutical ingredients (quetiapine fumarate, escitalopram oxalate, sumatriptan succinate, and tolterodine tartrate). The method was developed by using the Metrohm Metrosep A Supp 1 (250 × 4.

Synthesis of Isomeric and Potent Impurities of the Triazole-Based Antifungal Drug Voriconazole.

We describe the synthesis of two positional isomers and a desfluoro impurity of Voriconazole starting with Friedel-Crafts acylation of mono- and difluorobenzene. These isomers are the crucial components in determining the quality of Voriconazole during its manufacturing from the key raw material, 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethan-1-one. All the prepared impurities were characterized by IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, and mass spectral data.