Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale.

Validation of Novel Fibrosis Index (NFI) for assessment of liver fibrosis: comparison with transient elastography (FibroScan).

Background: In this study, we collated cheap and readily available non-invasive biomarkers and FibroScan score in predicting fibrosis stages in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Methods: We studied 1898 patients with HCV infection confirmed by presence of HCV RNA in their serum. We compared the FibroScan score and fibrosis indices (FIs): aspartate transaminase (AST) to alanine transaminase (ALT) ratio (AAR), AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI), FI, fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), Age-Platelet Index (API), Pohl score, Fibrosis Cirrhosis Index (FCI).

Frequency of Depression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its Relationship with Glycemic Control and Diabetic Microvascular Complications.

Introduction Various clinical studies have reported that clinical depression is a common co-morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Depression can badly affect the lifestyle of diabetic patients and impair the proper management of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, there exists a need to identify risk factors of depression in diabetic patients especially in relation to various clinical parameters, glycemic control and diabetic microvascular complications.

Can we link foot ulcer with risk factors in diabetics? A study in a tertiary care hospital.

Objective: Although many studies worldwide explained the risk factors for developing Diabetic Foot Ulceration (DFU), little has been done to assess medical factors in DFU formation and link them in patients of Pakistan. This study aimed to link the DFU with different risk factors.

Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Centre / Post Graduate Medical Institute / Lahore General Hospital.

Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy and its Association with Cardiovascular and All-cause Mortality in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease.

Background End-stage renal disease frequently leads to increased cardiovascular mortality. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) may be predictive of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients with end-stage renal disease. Methods A total of 70 patients with end-stage renal disease were included in the study.

Active trachoma among children of District Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan: A cross sectional study.

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of trachoma among children of age one month to 15 years.

Methods: Community based cross sectional study was conducted in district Dera Ghazi Khan from January to December 2014. The simple random sampling technique was employed.

Human amniotic membrane as differentiating matrix for in vitro chondrogenesis.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to use human amniotic membrane (HAM) for in vitro chondrogenesis of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and umbilical cord-derived MSCs.

Materials & Methods: MSCs from the placenta and umbilical cord were isolated, characterized by immunophenotyping and after analyzing their rate of proliferation, cytotoxicity and viability, chondrogenesis was performed on plastic adherent surface and on HAM.

Results: Successfully isolated and characterized placenta-derived MSCs and umbilical cord-derived MSCs revealed positive expression of MSCs markers CD90, CD73, CD105 and CD49d, while they were negative for CD45.

Comparison of Topical Versus Peribulbar Anesthesia for 23G Pars Plana Vitrectomy.

Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of topical anesthesia versus peribulbar anesthesia for 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Place And Duration Of Study: Ophthalmology Department, Lahore General Hospital, Ameer-ud-Din Medical College, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore from April 2013 to March 2016.

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder with gastrointestinal involvement.

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are lymphoid proliferations or lymphomas that are the second most common tumors in adult transplant recipients. Most cases of PTLD are attributed to Epstein-Barr virus, which induces B-cell proliferation and occurs in the setting of severe immunosuppression after solid organ or bone marrow transplantation. The disorder is seen in 1-3% of liver transplant recipients and has a variable presentation chronology.

Tuberculosis of Gallbladder Mimicking Carcinoma.

Gallbladder is a rare site of tuberculous involvement. Less than 150 cases have been documented in the last 150 years. It may mimic malignancy.

Hypothyroidism In Hepatitis C Patients On Pegylated Interferon Therapy.

Background: Chronic hepatitis has become a major health problem all over the world especially in the third world countries. The most common cause of chronic hepatitis in Pakistan is hepatitis C which can lead Toliver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Pakistan Pegylated Interferon Alpha is still corner stone of therapy for chronic hepatitis C.