[EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF ALCOHOLIC NEUROPATHY IN RATS.].

The aim of this work was to study the behavioral and histopathomorphological signs of peripheral neuropathy development in male Wistar rats on the model of alcoholic neuropathy. Chronic consumption of ethanol solution with concentration increasing from 7.47 to 26.

Diabetic hepatosclerosis: another diabetes microvascular complication?

Background: Liver disease in diabetes is common and is frequently the result of hepatic steatosis. Diabetic hepatosclerosis is a relatively recent description of sinusoidal fibrosis, without steatosis, observed in liver biopsies of people with diabetes presenting with cholestasis. Its association with other microvascular complications suggests it is a form of hepatic diabetic microangiopathy.

An association of large-fibre peripheral nerve dysfunction with non-invasive measures of liver fibrosis secondary to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetes.

Aim: To examine for an association of elevated lower-limb vibration perception threshold (VPT) with NAFLD fibrosis.

Methods: Two cohorts from a tertiary diabetes centre were studied - Cohort 1, n=456 with type 1 or 2 diabetes, and Cohort 2, n=106 with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All underwent a detailed assessment, including VPT measurement.

Rat Models of Diet-Induced Obesity and High Fat/Low Dose Streptozotocin Type 2 Diabetes: Effect of Reversal of High Fat Diet Compared to Treatment with Enalapril or Menhaden Oil on Glucose Utilization and Neuropathic Endpoints.

We examined whether reversal of high fat diet, stimulating weight loss, compared to two treatments previously shown to have beneficial effects, could improve glucose utilization and peripheral neuropathy in animal models of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Rats were fed a high fat diet and treated with a low dose of streptozotocin to create models of diet induced obesity or type 2 diabetes, respectively. Afterwards, rats were transferred to a normal diet or treated with enalapril or dietary enrichment with menhaden oil for 12 weeks.

Bone changes in alcoholic liver disease.

Alcoholism has been associated with growth impairment, osteomalacia, delayed fracture healing, and aseptic necrosis (primarily necrosis of the femoral head), but the main alterations observed in the bones of alcoholic patients are osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. Decreased bone mass is a hallmark of osteoporosis, and it may be due either to decreased bone synthesis and/or to increased bone breakdown. Ethanol may affect both mechanisms.

1-Deoxysphingolipids Encountered Exogenously and Made de Novo: Dangerous Mysteries inside an Enigma.

The traditional backbones of mammalian sphingolipids are 2-amino, 1,3-diols made by serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). Many organisms additionally produce non-traditional, cytotoxic 1-deoxysphingoid bases and, surprisingly, mammalian SPT biosynthesizes some of them, too (e.g.

Relationship between β-cell function, metabolic control, and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: This study investigated the relationship among β-cell function, metabolic control, and diabetic microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Subjects And Methods: In total, 885 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) were recruited from January 2012 to January 2014 and grouped into three groups according to the area under the curve of C-peptide [AUC(C-pep)] during the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between C-peptide and microvascular complications.

[Chemobiology at happy hour: yeast as a model for pharmacological screening].

Since its discovery and description by Louis Pasteur, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which was used for thousands of years for alcoholic fermentation and as a leavening agent, has become a popular model system in biology. One of the reasons for this popularity is the strong conservation from yeast to human of most of the pathways controlling cell growth and fate. In addition, at least 30 % of human genes involved in diseases have a functional homolog in yeast.

[Neurological diseases and nutrition -- what can we do?].

Neurological diseases and nutrition are in complex relationship. In the first part of this review the nutritional consequences of acute neurological diseases is presented, with special emphasis on traumatic injuries of the nervous system and stroke. Nutritional therapy of these patients is described in detail.

Prevalence and risk factors of development of peripheral diabetic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care setting.

Aims/introduction: The study was carried out to assess the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), compare the prevalence between known diabetes mellitus (KDM) and newly detected diabetes mellitus (NDDM), identify risk factors associated, its prevalence pattern and to assess if any sex-specific differences are present.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital. Patients with duration of diabetes ≤6 months were considered to be NDDM.

Clinical and nerve conduction study correlation in patients of diabetic neuropathy.

Aims And Objectives: 1) To study types of neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes. 2) To correlate clinical features of peripheral neuropathy with nerve conduction study in Type 2 diabetes.

Material: A total of 50 diabetics, whose onset of diabetes after the age of 30 years were studied from Dr.

Peripheral systems: neuropathy.

Long-term, excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages produces a peripheral neuropathy with symptoms of decreased superficial sensation, hyperalgesia, and weakness. Alcoholic neuropathy is characterized by axonal degeneration with reduced density of both small and large fibers and axonal sprouting. Electrophysiologic studies reveal a marked reduction in the amplitude of sensory potentials and moderate slowing of nerve conduction, mainly in the lower extremities.

Bilateral simultaneous nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a patient with alcoholic liver disease.

A 53-year-old man with a history of alcoholism since 10 years admitted for jaundice elsewhere developed bilateral simultaneous decrease in vision in both the eyes 4 days after admission. His best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. Visual field evaluation revealed an inferior altitudinal defect in both the eyes.

Clinical profile of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease among young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus seen at a diabetes speciality center in India.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and clinical profile of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among young type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients at a tertiary care diabetes center in India.

Methods: Electronic medical records of T1DM patients (age at first diagnosis of T1DM ≤25 years) registered between January 1992 and May 2013 who had undergone ultrasonography and denied history of any alcohol intake (n = 736) were reviewed. NAFLD was diagnosed if there was any degree of fatty liver.

Alcohol use disorders and current pharmacological therapies: the role of GABA(A) receptors.

Alcohol use disorders (AUD) are defined as alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, which create large problems both for society and for the drinkers themselves. To date, no therapeutic can effectively solve these problems. Understanding the underlying mechanisms leading to AUD is critically important for developing effective and safe pharmacological therapies.

Small-fiber degeneration in alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy.

Background: Alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy (ALN) is generally characterized as an axonal large-fiber polyneuropathy caused by thiamine deficiency. We hypothesized, based on clinical observations, that ALN is associated with a small-fiber polyneuropathy that can be diagnosed with skin biopsy in heavy alcohol drinking subjects with normal thiamine status.

Methods: Eighteen individuals (9 heavy alcohol drinking subjects and 9 healthy control subjects) were assessed for the potential utility of skin biopsies in detecting ALN-associated small nerve fiber degeneration.

The prevalence of optic neuropathy in alcoholic patients--a pilot study.

Background: Alcohol has particularly toxic effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems. Optic neuropathy (ON) is one of these neurological complications. Its diagnosis has not been codified, and its prevalence is poorly known.

Damage to enteric neurons occurs in mice that develop fatty liver disease but not diabetes in response to a high-fat diet.

Background: Disorders of gastrointestinal functions that are controlled by enteric neurons commonly accompany fatty liver disease. Established fatty liver disease is associated with diabetes, which itself induces enteric neuron damage. Here, we investigate the relationship between fatty liver disease and enteric neuropathy, in animals fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in the absence of diabetes.

The hepatoselective glucokinase activator PF-04991532 ameliorates hyperglycemia without causing hepatic steatosis in diabetic rats.

Hyperglycemia resulting from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the main cause of diabetic complications such as retinopathy and neuropathy. A reduction in hyperglycemia has been shown to prevent these associated complications supporting the importance of glucose control. Glucokinase converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and determines glucose flux into the β-cells and hepatocytes.

Prevalences of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy are lower in Korean type 2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Aims/introduction: The associations between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic vascular complications of type 2 diabetes remain uncertain. We assessed the relationships between NAFLD and chronic vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials And Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 929) attending a diabetes clinic of a university hospital were studied retrospectively.

Analysis of thiamine transporter genes in sporadic beriberi.

Objective: Thiamine or vitamin B1 deficiency diminishes thiamine-dependent enzymatic activity, alters mitochondrial function, impairs oxidative metabolism, and causes selective neuronal death. We analyzed for the first time, the role of all known mutations within three specific thiamine carrier genes, SLC19 A2, SLC19 A3, and SLC25 A19, in a patient with atrophic beriberi, a multiorgan nutritional disease caused by thiamine deficiency.

Methods: A 44-year-old male alcoholic patient from Morocco developed massive bilateral leg edema, a subacute sensorimotor neuropathy, and incontinence.

Caspase-mediated cleavage of actin and tubulin is a common feature and sensitive marker of axonal degeneration in neural development and injury.

Background: Axon degeneration is a characteristic feature of multiple neuropathologic states and is also a mechanism of physiological neurodevelopmental pruning. The vast majority of in vivo studies looking at axon degeneration have relied on the use of classical silver degeneration stains, which have many limitations including lack of molecular specificity and incompatibility with immunolabeling methods. Because Wallerian degeneration is well known to involve cytoskeletal disassembly and because caspases are recently implicated in aspects of this process, we asked whether antibodies directed at caspase-generated neoepitopes of beta-actin and alpha-tubulin would be useful immunohistochemical markers of pathological and developmental axon degeneration.