Type 2 diabetes complications are associated with liver fibrosis independent of hemoglobin A1c.

Introduction And Objectives: The association between type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver fibrosis is well established, but it is unknown whether complications of type 2 diabetes influence fibrosis levels. We defined the complications of type 2 diabetes by the presence of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, or neuropathy and aimed to evaluate their association with the degree of liver fibrosis measured by the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index.

Materials And Methods: This is a cross-sectional study evaluating the association of type 2 diabetes complications with liver fibrosis.

Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases (USPs) and Metabolic Disorders.

Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are reversible processes that modify the characteristics of target proteins, including stability, intracellular localization, and enzymatic activity. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) constitute the largest deubiquitinating enzyme family. To date, accumulating evidence indicates that several USPs positively and negatively affect metabolic diseases.

Comparison of Serum Holotranscobalamin with Serum Vitamin B12 in Population Prone to Megaloblastic Anemia and their Correlation with Nerve Conduction Study.

Early detection of megaloblastic anemia and associated neurological complications is crucial for management. This study was conducted to compare serum holotranscobalamin level with serum vitamin B12 level as early biomarker in people prone to megaloblastic anemia and to evaluate co-relation between these biomarkers and nerve conduction study in study patients. 83 adult patients (Hb > 12 gm/dl) prone to megaloblastic anemia were studied for basic haematological investigations, random blood sugar, thyroid function test, liver function test, kidney function test, serum vitamin B12, serum holotranscobalamin and serum folic acid levels.

Glucagon in type 2 diabetes: Friend or foe?

Hyperglucagonemia is one of the 'ominous' eight factors underlying the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucagon is a peptide hormone involved in maintaining glucose homoeostasis by increasing hepatic glucose output to counterbalance insulin action. Long neglected, the introduction of dual and triple agonists exploiting glucagon signalling pathways has rekindled the interest in this hormone beyond its classic effect on glycaemia.

Sex-specific differences in alcohol-induced pain sensitization.

Pain sensitization is a phenomenon that occurs to protect tissues from damage and recent studies have shown how a variety of non-noxious stimuli included in our everyday lives can lead to pain sensitization. Consumption of large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time invokes alcohol use disorder (AUD), a complex pathological state that has many manifestations, including alcohol peripheral neuropathy (neuropathic pain). We asked if 'non-pathological' alcohol consumption can cause pain sensitization in the absence of other pathology? Studies have pointed to glia and other immune cells and their role in pain sensitization that results in cell and sex-specific responses.

Intranasal disulfiram-induced encephalopathy: clinical and neuroimage findings.

Introduction: Disulfiram-induced-encephalopathy is a rare complication that has been well described in adults. Although it usually occurs in acute intoxication with high doses of disulfiram, late onset encephalopathy has also been reported. Some authors propose the inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase mediated by toxic metabolites of disulfiram as the main responsible, but the exact mechanism remains unclear.

A Clinician's View of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome.

The purpose of this article is to improve recognition and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. It is well known that Korsakoff syndrome is a chronic amnesia resulting from unrecognized or undertreated Wernicke encephalopathy and is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. The clinical presentation of thiamine deficiency includes loss of appetite, dizziness, tachycardia, and urinary bladder retention.

Rare presentation of Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia requiring bilateral above-knee amputations: a case report.

Background: Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia is a rarely encountered B-lymphocytic malignancy. Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia-associated paraproteinaemia is linked to an increase in serum viscosity, which results in a hypercoagulable state. Burning bilateral foot pain in a man with alcohol dependence and controlled atrial fibrillation presenting to the emergency department was attributed to peripheral neuropathy, given satisfactory angiographic evidence of bilateral foot arterial blood supply.

A novel refined classification system for type 2 diabetes in adults: A Chinese retrospective cohort study.

Aims: We propose a simple type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) classification method based on fasting C-peptide (FCP) levels and examined its feasibility and validity.

Methods: Adult T2DM patients first diagnosed in our tertiary care centre from January 2009 to January 2020 were included. Patients were followed until January 2021; their clinical characteristics, chronic complications, treatment regimen, and glycaemic control were compared.

Analgesic effects of Terminalia chebula extract are mediated by the suppression of the protein expression of nerve growth factor and nuclear factor-κB in the brain and oxidative markers following neuropathic pain in rats.

Background: Due to the complications related to the use of the current pharmacological approach for the alleviation of neuropathic pain, searching for effective compound with fewer complications is a requirement of the present era. It is well known that the pathophysiological mechanism of neuropathic pain is related to excessive inflammation in the nervous system. Hence, the present study focuses on whether the potential analgesic effects of Terminalia chebula (TC) extract are mediated by the changes in the protein expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the brain in a rat model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI).

Alcoholic neuropathy associated with chronic alcohol intake.

Alcoholic neuropathy (AN), a debilitating condition that mainly affects chronic alcohol drinkers, is thought to cause lesions in the peripheral nervous system leading to sensory, autonomic, and motor dysfunctions. Despite many studies, the pathogenesis of these lesions is still not completely understood. We investigated few aspects on the development of alcohol-induced peripheral neuropathy, by assessing sensory, motor and autonomic functions, as well as stereological analysis of axonal fibers and myelin sheath of the sciatic nerve.

Comprehensive visual electrophysiological measurements discover crucial changes caused by alcohol addiction in humans: Clinical values in early prevention of alcoholic vision decline.

Alcohol addiction often compromises vision by impairing the visual pathway, particularly the retina and optic nerve. Vision decline in alcoholics consists of a sequential transition from reversible functional deterioration of the visual pathway to irreversible clinical vision degeneration or vision loss. Thus, the control of alcoholic vision decline should focus on prevention before permanent damage occurs.

A randomized placebo-compared study on the efficacy of classical ayurvedic pharmaceutical form versus aqueous alcoholic extracts of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. Plus Sida cordifolia Linn. in patients of diabetic sensory polyneuropathy.

Background: In routine, Ayurveda practitioners prefer classical pharmaceutical form of herbal medicines in compare to modern extracts.

Objective: To explore the difference of efficiency between whole drug powder of Phyllanthus niruri plus root decoction of Sida cordifolia and modern extracts of the same in compared to placebo in patients of diabetic poly-neuropathy.

Material And Methods: A randomized, partly-double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of two different pharmaceutical forms of herbal medicines over placebo in 90 patients (30 in each group) of diabetic sensory polyneuropathy for first three weeks period.

NEAT1: A Novel Long Non-coding RNA Involved in Mediating Type 2 Diabetes and its Various Complications.

Background: Nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (abbreviated as NEAT1) is a long-chain noncoding RNA involved in various physiological and pathological processes. This study aimed to clarify the effect and molecule system of NEAT1 within non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods: In this review, current studies concerning mechanisms of NEAT1l, in the development of type 2 diabetes and its complications have been summarized and analyzed.

Chronotropic incompetence in end-stage liver disease.

Background: Cirrhosis causes alterations in the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems and leads to cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM). CCM is defined as cardiac dysfunction characterized by an impaired systolic responsiveness to stress or exercise, and/or impaired diastolic function, as well as electrophysiological abnormalities, including chronotropic incompetence (CI), in the absence of other known cardiac disease. CI is a common feature of autonomic neuropathy in cirrhosis.

Health benefits of astaxanthin against age-related diseases of multiple organs: A comprehensive review.

Age-related diseases are associated with increased morbidity in the past few decades and the cost associated with the treatment of these age-related diseases exerts a substantial impact on social and health care expenditure. Anti-aging strategies aim to mitigate, delay and reverse aging-associated diseases, thereby improving quality of life and reducing the burden of age-related pathologies. The natural dietary antioxidant supplementation offers substantial pharmacological and therapeutic effects against various disease conditions.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Risk of Macro- and Microvascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. To date, NAFLD is the most frequent chronic liver disease seen day by day in clinical practice across most high-income countries, affecting nearly 25-30% of adults in the general population and up to 70% of patients with T2DM. Over the last few decades, it clearly emerged that NAFLD is a "multisystemic disease" and that the leading cause of death among patients with NAFLD is cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Purinergic and Orexinergic Receptors in Alcoholic Neuropathy.

Alcoholic neuropathy emerges following the persistent alcohol imbibing, and triggers nerve damage through de-escalating the receptors situated in the central nervous system (CNS), which consecutively evolves into debilitating neuropathic state and further precipitates hyperalgesia, allodynia, dysesthesia, ataxia, numbness, immobility, and decline in certain body functions. Existing pharmacotherapy, such as anticonvulsants (gabapentin and topiramate), and antidepressant drugs (duloxetine, and venlafaxine) render short-lasting benefits; however, their continual use is not favoured nowadays because of their detrimental outcomes and habit-forming behaviour. Consequently, the research is being shifted towards exploring novel propitious targets which entirely assist in the cessation of the disease.

Liver fibrosis indices are related to diabetic peripheral neuropathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

The association between nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) or liver fibrosis and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) has not been well studied. We aimed to investigate the association of NAFL or liver fibrosis indices and DPN in individuals with type 2 diabetes. In this observational study, we included 264 individuals with type 2 diabetes, and calculated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) liver fat score, NAFLD fibrosis score, and Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index to evaluate the status of NAFLD or liver fibrosis.

Neuroprotective effect of Linn. leaf extracts in streptozotocin induced diabetes in Sprague Dawley rats.

Background: , a ayurvedic medicinal plant reported for its valuable effects in various diseases. It has shown significant effects in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Objective: The present work was designed to study effects of aqueous and alcoholic extract (AE and AlcE) of leaves in diabetic neuropathy.

Increased Serum Pentraxin 3 Is Associated with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Obese Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute-phase protein, which resembles C-reactive protein in both structure and function, and belongs to the same family. PTX3 is associated with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study evaluated the relationship between serum PTX3 levels, prediabetes, newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and other biochemical and clinical parameters in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Association of cardiovascular factors in diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between severity of hepatic steatosis/fibrosis with clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic characteristics, including visceral obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-related micro- and macrovascular complications in diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Methods: We studied 60 consecutive NAFLD outpatients with T2DM, recording several demographic and clinical characteristics, trunk and visceral fat, cardiac ultrasound, and micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus including microalbuminuria, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, and cardiac autonomic function. Severity of steatosis and fibrosis was evaluated with abdominal ultrasound and liver stiffness measurements, respectively.

An Emerging Facet of Diabetes Mellitus: The Nexus of Gastrointestinal Disorders.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a multi-systemic involvement, the gastrointestinal (GI) system being one of them. In this study, we have compiled and analyzed findings from various studies to conclude that peripheral insulin resistance and hyperglycemia are the two key factors that play a role in the pathogenesis of the web of disorders associated with diabetes. These two key factors, when clubbed with autoimmunity, autonomic neuropathy, and genetic and environmental factors, play a substantial role in the development of GI disorders in DM.