Diplopia and ocular motility in orbital blow-out fractures: 10-year retrospective study.

Objective: To investigate diplopia (binocular single vision [BSV] test) and ocular motility (uniocular field of fixation [UFOF] test) characteristics in blow-out fractures of the orbit and their value in fracture management.

Material And Methods: Patients with isolated blow-out fractures treated from 2000 to 2010 were included. BSV scores were stratified into three categories: low BSV category (0-60); moderate BSV category (61-80), and high BSV category (81-100).

Clinical evaluation of optic atrophy in patients with neurological disorders.

Objective: Optic atrophy is a pathological term applied to optic nerve shrinkage from any process that produces degeneration of axons in the anterior visual system (the retino-geniculate pathway). The pathologist can make the diagnosis of optic atrophy by direct observation of the histopathological changes in the optic nerve. The clinician is restricted to indirect evidence by observing the optic nerve as it enters the eye and through testing its function.

Etiology of chronic diarrhea.

Objective: The aim is to find the common causes of chronic diarrhea in our hospital, and to find out the most useful methods for diagnosis.

Methods: This study was carried out in the medical ward at Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, during the period January 1999 through to August 2000. Fifty inpatients with diarrhea for 4 weeks or more were evaluated by history, physical examination and investigations which included endoscopy with biopsy.